Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

Ravitz, Paula; Maunder, Robert; Hunter, Jon; Sthankiya, Bhadra; Lancee, William

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006

Cited by 709Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

Ravitz, Paula, Maunder, Robert, Hunter, Jon, Sthankiya, Bhadra, Lancee, William·2010·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006

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Abstract

Objective Over the past 25 years, attachment research has extended beyond infant-parent bonds to examine dyadic relationships in children, adolescents, and adults. Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping, stress response, psychological well-being, health behavior, and morbidity, and has thus emerged as an important focus of psychosomatic research. This article reviews the measurement of adult attachment, highlighting instruments of relevance to-or with potential use in-psychosomatic research.Methods Following a literature search of articles that were related to the scales and measurement methods of attachment in adult populations, 29 instruments were examined with respect to their utility for psychosomatic researchers.Results Validity, reliability, and feasibility were tabulated on 29 instruments. Eleven of the instruments with strong psychometric properties, wide use, or use in psychosomatic research are described. These include the following: Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main); Adult Attachment Projective (George and West); Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Simpson, Rholes, and Phillips); Adult Attachment Scale (and Revised Adult Attachment Scale) (Collins and Read); Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney); Current Relationship Interview (Crowell and Owens); Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, and Shaver) and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan); Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, and Brown); Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire (West and Sheldon-Keller); Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz); and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Grifiin and Bartholomew).Conclusion In addition to reliability and validity, investigators need to consider relationship focus, attachment constructs, dimensions or categories of interest, and the time required for training, administration, and scoring. Further considerations regarding attachment measurement in the context of psychosomatic research are discussed.

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In Search of the Sources of Psychologically Controlling Parenting: The Role of Parental Separation Anxiety and Parental Maladaptive Perfectionism
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Representations of Attachment in Mothers and Their One-Year-Old Infants
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The Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ): an interview-based measure of attachment styles that predict depressive disorder
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Measuring adult attachment: A construct validation of two self–report instruments
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An Approach to the Delineation of Adult Attachment
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Attachment Representation and Illness Behavior in Somatoform Disorders
Waller, E., Scheidt, C. E., & Hartmann, A. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000116463.17588.07 · Cited by 105
The adult attachment interview and the relationship questionnaire: Relations to reports of mothers and partners
Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (1999) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00208.x · Cited by 103
Assessing patterns of adult attachment in medical patients
Maunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.10.007 · Cited by 101
Self-citation
The interpersonal experience of health care through the eyes of patients with diabetes
Ciechanowski, P. S., & Katon, W. J. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.002 · Cited by 99
The Adult Attachment Interview and Questionnaires for Attachment Style, Temperament, and Memories of Parental Behavior
Haas, M. A. D., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1994) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1994.9914795 · Cited by 99
Couple attachment and the quality of marital relationships: Method and concept in the validation of the new couple attachment interview and coding system
Alexandrov, E. O., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500155170 · Cited by 98
Physicians’ difficulty with emergency department patients is related to patients’ attachment style
Maunder, R., Panzer, A., Viljoen, M., Owen, J. H., Human, S. W., & Hunter, J. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.01.001 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
Assessing Attachment: Convergent Validity of the Adult Attachment Interview and the Parental Bonding Instrument
Manassis, K., Owens, M., Adam, K. S., West, M., & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1999) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00560.x · Cited by 91
Family patterns of relationship in normative and dysfunctional families
Crittenden, P. M., Partridge, M. F., & Claussen, A. H. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007653 · Cited by 90
Adult attachment variables predict depression before and after treatment for chronic pain
Meredith, P. J., Strong, J., & Feeney, J. A. (2006) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.01.004 · Cited by 89
Attachment styles, earlier interpersonal relationships and schizotypy in a non‐clinical sample
Berry, K., Band, R. J., Corcoran, R., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. J. (2007) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608307x188368 · Cited by 89
Frequency and difficulty in caregiving among spouses of individuals with cancer: effects of adult attachment and gender
Kim, Y., & Carver, C. S. (2006) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1110 · Cited by 87
Young Adults' Retrospective Reports of Parenting by Mothers and Fathers: Associations With Current Relationship Quality
Dalton, W. T., Frick-Horbury, D., & Kitzmann, K. M. (2006) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.133.1.5-18 · Cited by 84
Patterns of relating: an adult attachment perspective
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Mothers' conceptualizations of parent-child relationships: Relation to mother-child interaction and child behavior problems
Crowell, J. A., O’Connor, E. M., Wollmers, G., Sprafkin, J. N., & Rao, U. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007616 · Cited by 81
Generalized and Specific Attachment Representations: Unique and Interactive Roles in Predicting Conflict Behaviors in Close Relationships
Creasey, G. L., & Ladd, A. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204274096 · Cited by 78
Separation Anxiety in Parents of Adolescents: Theoretical Significance and Scale Development
Hock, E., Eberly, M. B., Bartle‐Haring, S., Ellwanger, P., & Widaman, K. F. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00279 · Cited by 77
Atiachment Style and Heterosexual Relationships among Young Adults: A Short-Term Panel Study
Keelan, J. P. R., Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (1994) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407594112003 · Cited by 76
Insecurity, stress, and symptoms of psychopathology: contrasting results from self-reports versus interviews of adult attachment
Fortuna, K., & Roisman, G. I. (2008) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730701868571 · Cited by 75
The Impact of Parental Separation Anxiety on Identity Development in Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Bartle‐Haring, S., Brucker, P. S., & Hock, E. (2002) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558402175001 · Cited by 73
The Association of Patient Relationship Style and Outcomes in Collaborative Care Treatment for Depression in Patients With Diabetes
Ciechanowski, P. S., Russo, J. E., Katon, W. J., Korff, M. V., Simon, G. E., Lin, E. H. B., Ludman, E. J., & Young, B. A. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000199695.03840.0d · Cited by 70
Classification of Pathological Attachment Patterns in Adults
West, M., & Sheldon, A. E. R. (1988) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1988.2.2.153 · Cited by 69
Attachment and dysthymia: The contributions of preoccupied attachment and agency of self to depression in women
West, M., & George, C. C. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210167258 · Cited by 67
Adult attachment styles
Žvelc, M., & Žvelc, G. (2007) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 66
Predictive Validity of Adult Attachment Measures in Relation to Emotion Regulation Behaviors in Marital Interactions
Bouthillier, D., Julien, D., Dubé, M., Bélanger, I., & Hamelin, M. (2002) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1023/a:1020291011587 · Cited by 65
Family dysfunction, alexithymia, and client attachment to therapist.
Mallinckrodt, B. S., King, J. L., & Coble, H. M. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.497 · Cited by 65
The role of attachment in the post-divorce experience.
Berman, W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.3.496 · Cited by 63
The Revised Inventory of Parent Attachment: Measuring Attachment in Families
Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., & Abshire, C. R. (2003) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1024563422543 · Cited by 59
Subjective physical complaints and hypochondriacal features from an attachment theoretical perspective
Schmidt, S., Strauss, B. M., & Brähler, E. (2002) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608302320365217 · Cited by 54
The Assessment of Dimensions Relevant to Adult Reciprocal Attachment *
West, M., & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1992) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379203700902 · Cited by 51
Attachment Insecurity Moderates the Relationship Between Disease Activity and Depressive Symptoms in Ulcerative Colitis
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The Prototype Hypothesis and the Origins of Attachment Working Models: Adult Relationships with Parents and Romantic Partners
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Psychometric Properties of the Spanish and American Versions of the ECR Adult Attachment Questionnaire
Alonso‐Arbiol, I., Balluerka, N., Shaver, P. R., & Gillath, O. (2008) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.24.1.9 · Cited by 46
Research explorations in adult attachment
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A New Measure for an Important Construct: The Attachment and Object Relations Inventory
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Marital Attachment Interview: Adult Attachment Assessment of Marriage
Dickstein, S., Seifer, R., St‐André, M., & Schiller, M. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501185005 · Cited by 42
Adult attachment stance and spouses' marital perceptions during the transition to parenthood
Paley, B., Cox, M. J., Harter, K. S. M., & Margand, N. A. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210167276 · Cited by 42
Individual Differences in Young Children's IQ: A Social‐developmental Perspective
Crandell, L. E., & Hobson, R. P. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00462 · Cited by 38
Maternal Separation Anxiety: Relations to Adult Attachment Representations in Mothers of Infants
Lutz, W. J., & Hock, E. (1995) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1995.9914806 · Cited by 38
The role of attachment in the post-divorce experience.
Berman, W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.496 · Cited by 38
Maternal adult attachment representations across relationship domains and infant outcomes: the importance of family and couple functioning
Dickstein, S., Seifer, R., & Albus, K. E. (2009) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730802500164 · Cited by 37
Attachment and the Therapeutic Alliance in Family Therapy
Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., Rohacs, J., & Brewer, A. L. (2006) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926180500358022 · Cited by 36
Physiologic Assessment of Mother-Infant Attachment
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Female alopecia: the mediating effect of attachment patterns on changes in subjective health indicators
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Measuring Adult Attachment Representation in an fMRI Environment: Concepts and Assessment
Buchheim, A., George, C. C., Kächele, H. U., Erk, S., & Walter, H. (2006) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000091799 · Cited by 29
Das Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) - Gütekriterien und neue Forschungsergebnisse
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Attachment patterns across multiple family relationships in adulthood: Associations with maternal depression
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Measuring Continued Attachment to Parents: The Continued Attachment Scale—Parent Version
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Anxious Attachment and Self-Reported Depressive Symptomatology in Women
West, M., Rose, M. S., Verhoef, M. J., Spreng, S., & Bobey, M. (1998) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379804300309 · Cited by 21
Birthmothers and Subsequent Children: The Role of Personality Traits and Attachment History
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Facial expressivity to acute pain in cocaine-exposed toddlers
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Unresolved Attachment Among Immigrants: An Analysis Using the Adult Attachment Projective
van Ecke, Y. (2007) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.433-442 · Cited by 12
Adult Attachement and Prediction of Close Relationships
Stefanović-Stanojević, T. (2004) · Cited by 8
Stress reactivity and attachment security
Gunnar, M. R., Brodersen, L., Nachmias, M., Buss, K., & Rigatuso, J. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199604)29:3
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Fonagy (1991) · doi:10.1002/1097-0355(199123)12:3

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Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations.
Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000027 · Cited by 477
“For example, recent reviews of the field indicate that there has not been an adequate resolution to the types versus dimensions debate in the study of adult attachment (e.g., Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Risk factors across the eating disorders
Hilbert, A., Pike, K. M., Goldschmidt, A. B., Wilfley, D. E., Fairburn, C. G., Dohm, F., Walsh, B. T., & Weissman, R. S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.054 · Cited by 304
“The PBI has good psychometric properties (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
The relationship between adult attachment style and post-traumatic stress symptoms: A meta-analysis
Woodhouse, S., Ayers, S., & Field, A. P. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.07.002 · Cited by 210
“By searching through the 101 relevant papers returned in the above database searches, and through further consideration of two reviews of adult attachment measures (Crowell & Treboux, 1995; Ravitz, 2010), we located 30 adult attachment measures.”
Background
Psychoanalysis and Empirical Research
Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2013) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065112474066 · Cited by 209
The relations between YouTube addiction, social anxiety and parasocial relationships with YouTubers: A moderated-mediation model based on a cognitive-behavioral framework
de Bérail, P., Guillon, M., & Bungener, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.007 · Cited by 191
Non solus: Toward a psychology of family business
Pieper, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Family Business Strategy · doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.02.003 · Cited by 176
Exercise addiction: A study of eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachment styles
Lichtenstein, M. B., Christiansen, E., Elklit, A., Bilenberg, N., & Støving, R. K. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.010 · Cited by 168
“58) (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Attachment as a Core Feature of Resilience: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Darling Rasmussen, P., Storebø, O. J., Løkkeholt, T., Voss, L. G., Shmueli-Goetz, Y., Bojesen, A. B., Simonsen, E., & Bilenberg, N. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118785577 · Cited by 167
Adult attachment as a predictor and moderator of psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analysis.
Levy, K. N., Kivity, Y., Johnson, B. N., & Gooch, C. V. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22685 · Cited by 141
Attachment and Substance Use Disorders—Theoretical Models, Empirical Evidence, and Implications for Treatment
Schindler, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00727 · Cited by 157
“The majority of studies use self-reports, which are seen as “surface indicators” of attachment representations (22, 24).”
Background
A meta-analysis of the relation between patient adult attachment style and the working alliance
Bernecker, S. L., Levy, K. N., & Ellison, W. D. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.809561 · Cited by 169
Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy
Taylor, P., Rietzschel, J., Danquah, A., & Berry, K. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.886791 · Cited by 150
Social touch deprivation during COVID-19: effects on psychological wellbeing and craving interpersonal touch
Mohr, M. V., Kirsch, L. P., & Fotopoulou, A. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210287 · Cited by 156
“Given that avoidant attachment is associated with a need for emotional distance and reduced proximity seeking [74,75], we hypothesize that they would want to experience less touch during COVID-19, particularly from intimate, close others.”
Attachment and eating: A meta-analytic review of the relevance of attachment for unhealthy and healthy eating behaviors in the general population
Faber, A., Dubé, L., & Knaüper, B. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.043 · Cited by 155
Forgiveness and spirituality in psychotherapy: A relational approach.
Worthington, E. L., & Sandage, S. J. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14712-000 · Cited by 134
Affective touch and attachment style modulate pain: a laser-evoked potentials study
Krahé, C., Drabek, M. M., Paloyelis, Y., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0009 · Cited by 128
Childhood maltreatment and problematic social media use: the role of attachment and depression
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., Bentall, R. P., & Corcoran, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.023 · Cited by 123
“(Griffin and Bartholomew, 1994) and good discriminant and face validity (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress
Kidd, T., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.014 · Cited by 137
Changes in Adult Attachment Styles in American College Students Over Time
Konrath, S., Chopik, W. J., Hsing, C. K., & O’Brien, E. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314530516 · Cited by 121
“Preoccupied adults strongly desire to be emotionally close to others, but they are easily upset and worried if closeness in relationships is not reciprocated (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Ravitz et al., 2009).”
Background
The social buffering of pain by affective touch: a laser-evoked potential study in romantic couples
Mohr, M. V., Krahé, C., Beck, B., & Fotopoulou, A. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy085 · Cited by 122
Eating disorders in adolescence: attachment issues from a developmental perspective
Gander, M., Sevecke, K., & Buchheim, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01136 · Cited by 110
Adult attachment and social anxiety: The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies
Read, D. L., Clark, G. I., Rock, A. J., & Coventry, W. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207514 · Cited by 137
A systematic review of adult attachment and social anxiety
Manning, R. P. C., Dickson, J. M., Palmier-Claus, J., Cunliffe, A., & Taylor, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.020 · Cited by 107
“As fearful attachment styles theoretically involve negative IWMs of both self and other (Ravitz et al., 2010) its association with social anxiety may occur via both the pathways outlined above.”
Background
The role of attachment in the relationship between child maltreatment and later emotional and behavioral functioning
Lowell, A., Renk, K., & Havill, A. M. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.006 · Cited by 105
Insecure Adult Attachment and Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017730579 · Cited by 126
Attachment classification, psychophysiology and frontal EEG asymmetry across the lifespan: a review
Gander, M., & Buchheim, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00079 · Cited by 90
“In accordance with other findings, the dismissing Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 79 | 8 subjects also underreported subjective distress on self-report although the demonstrated neural activity that is related to an elevated level of distress (Dozier and Kobak, 19…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A validation of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures scale (ECR-RS) in adolescents
Donbæk, D. F., & Elklit, A. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.850103 · Cited by 114
“While the RQ remains one of the most frequently used adult attachment measures (Ravitz et al., 2010), in recent years researchers have found that categorical models cannot account for much variation in adult attachment structures.”
Background
Social Anxiety Disorder
Wong, J., Gordon, E. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2012) · Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118156391.ebcp002027 · Cited by 96
Attachment-Related Differences in Emotion Regulation in Adults: A Systematic Review on Attachment Representations
Eilert, D. W., & Buchheim, A. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060884 · Cited by 131
“From there, two different perspectives developed in attachment research; one could say two different cultures emerged (for a large review, see [25]).”
Background
Hormonal Treatment Reduces Psychobiological Distress in Gender Identity Disorder, Independently of the Attachment Style
Colizzi, M., Costa, R., Pace, V., & Todarello, O. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12155 · Cited by 94
Salubrious effects of oxytocin on social stress-induced deficits
Smith, A. S., & Wang, Z. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.010 · Cited by 88
“…behaviors and social contact increases an individual's sense of security, particularly in stressful periods in humans (Shear and Shair, 2005; Ravitz et al., 2010), and decreases the basal and stress-induced HPA axis activity in marmosets (Smith and French, 1997; Smith et al., 1998; Smith et…”
Background
Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross-sectional study
Jonsson, L. S., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., & Svedin, C. G. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0292-1 · Cited by 89
Attachment, Emotion Regulation, Childhood Abuse and Assault: Examining Predictors of NSSI Among Adolescents
Tatnell, R., Hasking, P., Newman, L., Taffe, J., & Martin, G. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2016.1246267 · Cited by 87
Review of Attachment Theory: Familial Predictors, Continuity and Change, and Intrapersonal and Relational Outcomes
Sutton, T. E. (2019) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2018.1458001 · Cited by 87
The Association Between Adult Attachment Style, Mental Disorders, and Suicidality
Palitsky, D., Mota, N. P., Afifi, T. O., Downs, A. C., & Sareen, J. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31829829ab · Cited by 88
“There exist more in-depth assessments of attachment whether in self-report or interview forms, with the Adult Attachment Interview being the most favored modality (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
The Relation of Anxiety and Avoidance Dimensions of Attachment to Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis About Perpetrators
Velotti, P., Rogier, G., Zobel, S. B., Chirumbolo, A., & Zavattini, G. C. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020933864 · Cited by 100
“…and considering the peculiarity of the IPV phenomenon it could be useful to have data from this perspective—dimensional attachment instruments are considered appropriate when conscious attitudes and behaviors in current relationships are relevant to the research question (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Attachment Anxiety and Problematic Social Media Use: The Mediating Role of Well-Being
Worsley, J. D., Mansfield, R., & Corcoran, R. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0555 · Cited by 87
Sleep tight: Exploring the relationship between sleep and attachment style across the life span
Adams, G. C., Stoops, M. A., & Skomro, R. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.002 · Cited by 81
Attachment in old age: Theoretical assumptions, empirical findings and implications for clinical practice
Assche, L. V., Luyten, P., Bruffaerts, R., Persoons, P., de Ven, L. V., & Vandenbulcke, M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.003 · Cited by 100
Psychometric Properties of an Italian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Scale
Busonera, A., Martini, P. S., Zavattini, G. C., & Santona, A. M. R. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/03.21.pr0.114k23w9 · Cited by 96
Sensitivity to CT-optimal, Affective Touch Depends on Adult Attachment Style
Krahé, C., Mohr, M. V., Gentsch, A., Guy, L., Vari, C., Nolte, T., & Fotopoulou, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32865-6 · Cited by 88
Do patients trust their physician? The role of attachment style in the patient-physician relationship within one year after a cancer diagnosis
Holwerda, N., Sanderman, R., Pool, G., Hinnen, C., Langendijk, J. A., Bemelman, W. A., Hagedoorn, M., & Sprangers, M. A. G. (2012) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.3109/0284186x.2012.689856 · Cited by 79
“A particular strength is the use of an adult attachment style interview instead of a self-report instrument, as interviews may be less vulnerable to temporal instability, assess broader aspects of the attachment system, and are more likely to increase the activation of attachment patterns than self-report questionnair…”
Background
Parental bonding, childhood maltreatment and eating disorder psychopathology: an investigation of their interactions
Monteleone, A. M., Ruzzi, V., Patriciello, G., Pellegrino, F., Cascino, G., Castellini, G., Steardo, L., Monteleone, P., & Maj, M. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00649-0 · Cited by 86
Adult Attachment, Sensory Processing, and Distress in Healthy Adults
Meredith, P. J., Bailey, K. J., Strong, J., & Rappel, G. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.017376 · Cited by 76
“In contrast, Liss et al. (2005) suggested that anxiety may be a risk factor for developing extreme sensory processing patterns, and anxiety may also increase the salience of insecure attachment (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
POSTPARTUM BONDING DIFFICULTIES AND ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLES: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND CHILDBIRTH‐RELATED PTSD
Hairston, I. S., Handelzalts, J. E., Assis, C., & Kovo, M. (2018) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21695 · Cited by 75
The Mediating Role of Parental Reflective Functioning in Child Social–emotional Development
Nijssens, L., Vliegen, N., & Luyten, P. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01767-5 · Cited by 76
Employee Attachment: Implications for Supervisor Trustworthiness and Trust
Frazier, M. L., Gooty, J., Little, L. M., & Nelson, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9367-4 · Cited by 72
“research questions (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
The Relationship Between Adult Attachment and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Systematic Review
Zortea, T. C., Gray, C. M., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1661893 · Cited by 82
“Clinicians should employ both self-report measures and clinical interviews when possible (see Ravitz et al., 2010 for an extensive review of adult attachment measures) to examine the patient ’ s beliefs and behaviors about close relationships.”
BackgroundMethod
Attachment theory and hoarding disorder: A review and theoretical integration
Mathes, B. M., Timpano, K. R., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103549 · Cited by 82
Romantic attachment style and borderline personality pathology: A meta-analysis
Smith, M. S., & South, S. C. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101781 · Cited by 72
The relationship between attachment to pets and mental health: the shared link via attachment to humans
Lass-Hennemann, J., Schäfer, S. K., Sopp, M. R., & Michael, T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04199-1 · Cited by 64
“, anxious or avoidant attachment) [37], most research into emotional attachment to pets comprises a unidimensional strength-based approaches ranging from weak to strong attachment.”
Background
The Effect of Attachment Insecurity in the Development of Eating Disturbances across Gender: The Role of Body Dissatisfaction
Koskina, N., & Giovazolias, T. (2010) · The Journal of psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2010.496651 · Cited by 74
“The ECRS-R is widely used to measure romantic attachment, with excellent reliability (see Ravitz, Maunder, Hunter, Sthankiya, & Lancee, in press , for a recent review on attachment measures).”
Method
Adolescent-Parent Attachment and Externalizing Behavior: The Mediating Role of Individual and Social Factors
de Vries, S. L. A., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Asscher, J. J. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9999-5 · Cited by 68
Can patients be ‘attached’ to healthcare providers? An observational study to measure attachment phenomena in patient–provider relationships
Maunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011068 · Cited by 67
“The ECR survey is a widely used self-report measure of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance in romantic relationships,(30) 31 which has been validated in various health settings.(12) The ECR-M16 uses 16 ECR items, modified to be appropriate to medical patients.”
MethodSelf-citation
Emotion regulation and empathic abilities in young adults: The role of attachment styles
Henschel, S., Nandrino, J., & Doba, K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109763 · Cited by 74
Psilocybin-Assisted Group Therapy and Attachment: Observed Reduction in Attachment Anxiety and Influences of Attachment Insecurity on the Psilocybin Experience
Stauffer, C. S., Anderson, B. T., Ortigo, K. M., & Woolley, J. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00169 · Cited by 65
Lower Oxytocin Plasma Levels in Borderline Patients with Unresolved Attachment Representations
Jobst, A., Padberg, F., Mauer, M.-C., Daltrozzo, T., Bauriedl-Schmidt, C., Sabass, L., Sarubin, N., Falkai, P., Renneberg, B., Zill, P., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00125 · Cited by 88
“Current attachment representations of early experience can be assessed in adulthood by semi-structured interviews (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
The Integrated Attachment and Sexual Minority Stress Model: Understanding the Role of Adult Attachment in the Health and Well-Being of Sexual Minority Men
Cook, S., & Calebs, B. J. (2016) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1165173 · Cited by 66
“Research from the past 40 years has demonstrated that developing secure attachment relationships is important for health and development across the life course, while attachment insecurity is associated with poor health.(1) Although this body of knowledge has been informative in terms of elucidating the importance of…”
Background
ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF FEAR OF CHILDBIRTH IN NULLIPAROUS AND PAROUS WOMEN
Pazzagli, C., Laghezza, L., Capurso, M., Sommella, C., Lelli, F., & Mazzeschi, C. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21483 · Cited by 64
Security of Attachment to Spouses in Late Life
Waldinger, R. J., Cohen, S., Schulz, M. S., & Crowell, J. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614541261 · Cited by 79
The Long Reach of Nurturing Family Environments
Waldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616661556 · Cited by 63
Anxiety Severity, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 and Individual Functioning in Emerging Adults Facing the Pandemic
Germani, A., Buratta, L., Delvecchio, E., Gizzi, G., & Mazzeschi, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567505 · Cited by 67
Attachment, affective temperament, and personality disorders: A study of their relationships in psychiatric outpatients
MacDonald, K. S., Berlow, R., & Thomas, M. L. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.040 · Cited by 65
Cyberbullying victimisation and mental distress: testing the moderating role of attachment security, social support, and coping styles
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2018) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2018.1530497 · Cited by 62
“The scale has an acceptable test–retest reliability (Griffin and Bartholomew 1994) and good discriminant and face validity (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
Background
Transitions in Friendship Attachment During Adolescence are Associated With Developmental Trajectories of Depression Through Adulthood
Cook, S., Heinze, J. E., Miller, A. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.252 · Cited by 60
Parental Bonding and Adult Attachment Style: The Relationship between Four Category Models
Wilhelm, K. A. (2016) · International Journal of Women s Health and Wellness · doi:10.23937/2474-1353/1510016 · Cited by 66
“A comprehensive review of adult attachment assessments in nonclinical populations suggest that 40 percent of adults have an ‘insecure’ attachment style [18] but that ‘insecurity of attachment is not in itself a pathology, but represents a vulnerability in terms of effective stress and distress management’.”
Background
Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Frijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B., Nawijn, L., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Bakker, F. C., Denys, D., et al. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-92 · Cited by 59
“The questionnaire has a high reliability and validity [83].”
Background
Adult attachment style as a risk factor for maternal postnatal depression: a systematic review
Warfa, N., Harper, M., Nicolais, G., & Bhui, K. S. (2014) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-014-0056-x · Cited by 66
The role of attachment in medically unexplained symptoms and long-term illness
Adshead, G. M. J., & Guthrie, E. (2015) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.114.013045 · Cited by 57
Adult attachment at the transition to motherhood: predicting worry, health care utility and relationship functioning
Trillingsgaard, T., Elklit, A., Shevlin, M. E., & Maimburg, R. D. (2011) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2011.611937 · Cited by 57
“In a review on adult attachment measures (Ravitz, Maunder, Hunter, Sthankiya, & Lancee, 2010 ), the RAAS is selected for review based on its strong psychometric properties, wide use, and potential utility for psychosomatic research.”
Background
Attachment Style Changes Following Intensive Short-term Group Psychotherapy
Kinley, J. L., & Reyno, S. M. (2013) · International journal of group psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2013.63.1.53 · Cited by 52
Attachment insecurity as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and adult dissociation
Kong, S. S., Kang, D. R., Oh, M. J., & Kim, N. H. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1329772 · Cited by 62
Is Touch in Romantic Relationships Universally Beneficial for Psychological Well-Being? The Role of Attachment Avoidance
Debrot, A., Stellar, J. E., MacDonald, G., Keltner, D., & Impett, E. A. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220977709 · Cited by 53
“Despite their reliability and validity, these instruments solely measure conscious attitudes toward relationships and cannot identify when cognitive distortions alter responses (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Assessing Attachment Representations in Adolescents: Discriminant Validation of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System
Gander, M., George, C. C., Pokorný, D., & Buchheim, A. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0639-2 · Cited by 63
“In the current literature, there has been substantially more research using self-report measures of attachment in adolescents, which are often criticized for problems with subjectivity and difficulty in integrating empirical findings to developmental attachment constructs [1].”
BackgroundInfluential
Unresolved Attachment Mediates the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Impaired Personality Functioning in Adolescence
Gander, M., Buchheim, A., Bock, A., Steppan, M., Sevecke, K., & Goth, K. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2020_34_468 · Cited by 58
Unwanted Pursuit Behavior After Breakup: Occurrence, Risk Factors, and Gender Differences
de Smet, O., Uzieblo, K., Loeys, T., Buysse, A., & Onraedt, T. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9687-9 · Cited by 51
“Previous research has supported the reliability and validity of the ECR (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
Attachment and Borderline Personality Disorder
Buchheim, A., & Diamond, D. (2018) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.010 · Cited by 54
A dyadic analysis of partner violence and adult attachment
Sommer, J., Babcock, J., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9868-1 · Cited by 51
“More specifically, self-report measures are likely to capture conscious attachment attitudes, whereas interview measures are more likely to capture unconscious attachment attitudes (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
Background
The Impact of Behavioral Couple Therapy on Attachment in Distressed Couples
Benson, L. A., Sevier, M., & Christensen, A. (2013) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12020 · Cited by 51
Evaluation of a short version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire (ECR-RD8): results from a representative German sample
Ehrenthal, J. C., Zimmermann, J., Brenk-Franz, K., Dinger, U., Schauenburg, H., Brähler, E., & Strauss, B. M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00637-z · Cited by 56
“In other words, although an eightitem questionnaire captures some aspects of attachment insecurity, researchers should always be cautious to select an instrument which is best suited to their specific study question [22].”
BackgroundInfluential
Attachment security moderates the link between adverse childhood experiences and cellular aging
Dagan, O., Asok, A., Steele, H., Steele, M., & Bernard, K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001705 · Cited by 50
The role of self-compassion in the well-being of self-identifying gay men
Beard, K., Eames, C., & Withers, P. (2017) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2016.1233163 · Cited by 57
Adult attachment styles and emotional regulation: The role of interoceptive awareness and alexithymia
Ferraro, I. K., & Taylor, A. M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110641 · Cited by 47
The impact of adult attachment style on organizational commitment and adult attachment in the workplace
Scrima, F., Stefano, G. D., Guarnaccia, C., & Lorito, L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.013 · Cited by 47
Is Attachment to God a Unique Predictor of Mental Health? Test in a Jewish Sample
Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2019) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2019.1565249 · Cited by 46
The Relationship between Adult Attachment and Mental Health Care Utilization: A Systematic Review
Adams, G. C., Wrath, A. J., & Meng, X. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743718779933 · Cited by 45
“For a thorough review of attachment measures, see Ravitz et al.(6) According to attachment theory and research, the patterns of interpersonal relationships specific to different attachments may be important determinants of illness behaviour, care seeking, and treatment response in patients.”
Background
Improvements in mentalization predict improvements in interpersonal distress in patients with mental disorders
Hayden, M. C., Müllauer, P. K., Gaugeler, R., Senft, B., & Andreas, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22673 · Cited by 56
Sexual Desire, Mood, Attachment Style, Impulsivity, and Self-Esteem as Predictive Factors for Addictive Cybersex
Varfi, N., Rothen, S., Jasiowka, K., Lepers, T., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., & Khazaal, Y. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9978 · Cited by 46
“Several studies showed good test-retest reliability and a good association of the subscale scores with other ratings of daily anxiety and avoidance faced with a close companion [66].”
Alexithymia and adult attachment representations: Associations with the five-factor model of personality and perceived relationship adjustment
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., Kushner, S. C., Benoit, D., & Atkinson, L. R. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.03.015 · Cited by 43
“Whereas the AAI yields the primary attachment classifications of secure–autonomous, insecure–dismissing, insecure– preoccupied, and unresolved [23,28], the self-report attachment questionnaires either assign individuals to categories of attachment style or measure the degree to which dimensions of attachment style are…”
Background
The implications of parent mental health and wellbeing for parent-child attachment: A systematic review
Risi, A., Pickard, J. A., & Bird, A. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260891 · Cited by 78
“However, different attachment measures emphasize different attachment phenomena [33].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Exploring the Association between Adult Attachment Styles in Romantic Relationships, Perceptions of Parents from Childhood and Relationship Satisfaction
Gleeson, G., & Fitzgerald, A. (2014) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2014.613196 · Cited by 43
Defense mechanism is predicted by attachment and mediates the maladaptive influence of insecure attachment on adolescent mental health
Laczkovics, C., Fonzo, G. A., Bendixsen, B. H., Shpigel, E., Lee, I. A., Skala, K., Prunas, A., Gross, J. J., Steiner, H., & Huemer, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9839-1 · Cited by 43
“Attachment styles are quite stable (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System on Oxytocin and Cortisol Blood Levels in Mothers
Krause, S., Pokorný, D., Schury, K., Doyen-Waldecker, C., Hulbert, A.-L., Karabatsiakis, A., Kolassa, I., Gündel, H., Waller, C., & Buchheim, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00627 · Cited by 47
“Oxytocin levels increased from pre to post in the significant majority of 73% participants (p = 0.004) and cortisol decreased in the significant majority of 73% participants (p = 0.004).”
BackgroundInfluential
The long-term association of OCD and depression and its moderators: A four-year follow up study in a large clinical sample
Tibi, L., van Oppen, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Eikelenboom, M., Rickelt, J., Schruers, K. R. J., & Anholt, G. E. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.009 · Cited by 42
“The RQ shows adequate reliability and convergent validity [46].”
Background
Insecure attachment predicts depression and death anxiety in advanced cancer patients
Scheffold, K., Philipp, R., Koranyi, S., Engelmann, D., Schulz‐Kindermann, F., Härter, M. C., & Mehnert, A. (2017) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951517000281 · Cited by 42
“Ravitz et al. (2010) suggested that there is no final consensus about whether attachment is inherently categorical or dimensional, but they made it clear that categories can be affiliated with dimensional scales, as was the case in our analysis.”
Result
The roles of attachment and resilience in perceived stress in medical students
Thompson, G., Wrath, A. J., Trinder, K. M., & Adams, G. C. (2018) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.43204 · Cited by 42
“, disorganized).(16) The latter is believed to combine both anxious and avoidant features.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Sexual Functioning in Young Women and Men: Role of Attachment Orientation
Dunkley, C. R., Dang, S. S., Chang, S., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2015) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2015.1061075 · Cited by 42
A Novel Integrating Virtual Reality Approach for the Assessment of the Attachment Behavioral System
Giglioli, I. A. C., Pravettoni, G., Martín, D. L. S., Parra, E., & Alcañíz, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00959 · Cited by 42
“In attachment research, the assessment methods widely used and validated are self-report questionnaires, interviews or projective measures (see the review of Ravitz et al., 2010), while attachment behaviors have been addressed less in adults.”
BackgroundMethod
Attachment style is associated with perceived spouse responses and pain-related outcomes.
Forsythe, L. P., Romano, J. M., Jensen, M. P., & Thorn, B. E. (2012) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030083 · Cited by 40
“Both categorical and dimensional approaches to the assessment of attachment continue to be represented in the literature (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Attachment and motivational systems: Relevance of sensitivity to punishment for eating disorder psychopathology
Monteleone, A. M., Cardi, V., Volpe, U., Fico, G., Ruzzi, V., Pellegrino, F., Castellini, G., Monteleone, P., & Maj, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.002 · Cited by 44
“Although there is large agreement in considering appropriate the use of dimensional self-report attachment instruments (Ravitz et al., 2010), an interview such as the Adult Attachment Interview, would be a more appropriate instrument.”
Background

Authors: Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W.
Affiliations: Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Ravitz, Paula
ORCID: Ravitz, Paula
Maunder, Robert
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-10
Volume: 69
Issue: 4
Pages: 419-432
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
OpenAlex: W2048140405
Cited by: 709
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: adult attachment, attachment measurement, psychosomatic research, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, Experiences in Close Relationships, Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, biopsychosocial functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

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