The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks
Abstract
The faecal contamination of greywater in a local treatment system at Vibyåsen, north of Stockholm, Sweden was quantified using faecal indicator bacteria and chemical biomarkers. Bacterial indicator densities overestimated the faecal load by 100-1000-fold when compared to chemical biomarkers. Based on measured levels of coprostanol, the faecal load was estimated to be 0.04 g person(-1) day(-1). Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecal load were used to form the basis of a screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The different exposure scenarios simulated--direct contact, irrigation of sport fields and groundwater recharge--gave unacceptably high rotavirus risks (0.04 < Pinf < 0.60) despite a low faecal load. The poor reduction of somatic coliphages, which were used as a virus model, in the treatment was one main reason and additional treatment of the greywater is suggested. Somatic coliphages can under extreme circumstances replicate in the wastewater treatment system and thereby underestimate the virus reduction. An alternative QMRA method based on faecal enterococci densities estimated similar risks as for rotavirus. Growth conditions for Salmonella in greywater sediments were also investigated and risk modelling based on replication in the system increased the probability of infection from Salmonella 1000-fold, but it was still lower than the risk of a rotavirus infection.
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“Studies conducted by Eriksson et al. (2002) and Ottoson and Stenstrom (2003) revealed a large collection of excreta-related pathogens associated with greywater.”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003
In the citing paper
“Inappropriate food handling in the kitchen and direct handling of contaminated food have been identified as sources of enteric pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter into greywater (Maimon et al. 2014; Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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Glassmeyer, S. T., Furlong, E. T., Kolpin, D. W., Cahill, J. D., Zaugg, S. D., Werner, S. L., Meyer, M. T., & Kryak, D. D. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es048120k · Cited by 724
Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses
Li, F., Wichmann, K., & Otterpohl, R. (2009) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.004 · Cited by 652
Denissen, J., Reyneke, B., Waso, M., Havenga, B., Barnard, T. G., Khan, S., & Khan, W. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114006 · Cited by 435
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ottoson, J., & Stenström, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Swedish Institute (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Ottoson, Jakob
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 645-655
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043053897
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a1d9d5c985c69e711621b450913e97f7b3ea62d
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- greywater, fecal contamination, fecal indicator bacteria, chemical markers, coprostanol, quantitative microbial risk assessment, rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, somatic coliphages, groundwater recharge, fecal enterococci
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Conservation of Natural Resources, Feces, Models, Theoretical, Rotavirus, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Supply, Biomarkers, Risk Assessment
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