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Cited by 340Fecal contamination and water qualityWastewater Treatment and ReusePharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks

Ottoson, Jakob, Stenström, Thor Axel·2003·Water Research
DOI 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00352-4
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Abstract

The faecal contamination of greywater in a local treatment system at Vibyåsen, north of Stockholm, Sweden was quantified using faecal indicator bacteria and chemical biomarkers. Bacterial indicator densities overestimated the faecal load by 100-1000-fold when compared to chemical biomarkers. Based on measured levels of coprostanol, the faecal load was estimated to be 0.04 g person(-1) day(-1). Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecal load were used to form the basis of a screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The different exposure scenarios simulated--direct contact, irrigation of sport fields and groundwater recharge--gave unacceptably high rotavirus risks (0.04 < Pinf < 0.60) despite a low faecal load. The poor reduction of somatic coliphages, which were used as a virus model, in the treatment was one main reason and additional treatment of the greywater is suggested. Somatic coliphages can under extreme circumstances replicate in the wastewater treatment system and thereby underestimate the virus reduction. An alternative QMRA method based on faecal enterococci densities estimated similar risks as for rotavirus. Growth conditions for Salmonella in greywater sediments were also investigated and risk modelling based on replication in the system increased the probability of infection from Salmonella 1000-fold, but it was still lower than the risk of a rotavirus infection.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00352-4

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Jackson, 2000, Greywater re-use—benefit or liability? The UK Perspective, Water, 21, 38
  2. Trujillo, 1998, Potential for greywater recycle and reuse in New Mexico, New Mexico J Sci, 38, 293
  3. Gerba, 1995, Water quality of graywater treatment system, Water Sci Technol, 31, 109
  4. Nichols, 1992, Survey of Sydney's coastal environment, Aust Water Wastewater Assoc J, Water, 19, 32

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Metadata

Authors
Ottoson, J., & Stenström, T. A.
Affiliations
Swedish Institute (SE)
Corresponding author
Ottoson, Jakob
Venue
Water Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-02
Volume
37
Issue
3
Pages
645-655
ISSN
0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00352-4
OpenAlex
W2043053897
Semantic Scholar
3a1d9d5c985c69e711621b450913e97f7b3ea62d
Cited by
339
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
FWCI
9.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Water Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords
greywater, fecal contamination, fecal indicator bacteria, chemical markers, coprostanol, quantitative microbial risk assessment, rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, somatic coliphages, groundwater recharge, fecal enterococci
MeSH terms
Bacteria, Conservation of Natural Resources, Feces, Models, Theoretical, Rotavirus, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Supply, Biomarkers, Risk Assessment

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