Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,143

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses

Open access
Lai, Michael M.C., Cavanagh, David·1997·Advances in Virus Research
DOI 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60286-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the manipulation of clones of coronavirus and of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of defective-interfering (DI) RNAs to study coronavirus RNA replication, transcription, recombination, processing and transport of proteins, virion assembly, identification of cell receptors for coronaviruses, and processing of the polymerase. The nature of the coronavirus genome is nonsegmented, single-stranded, and positive-sense RNA. Its size ranges from 27 to 32 kb, which is significantly larger when compared with other RNA viruses. The gene encoding the large surface glycoprotein is up to 4.4 kb, encoding an imposing trimeric, highly glycosylated protein. This soars some 20 nm above the virion envelope, giving the virus the appearance-with a little imagination-of a crown or coronet. Coronavirus research has contributed to the understanding of many aspects of molecular biology in general, such as the mechanism of RNA synthesis, translational control, and protein transport and processing. It remains a treasure capable of generating unexpected insights.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60286-9

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 406

  1. Anderson, 1993, Membrane and phospholipid binding by murine coronaviral nucleocapsid N protein, Virology, 194, 224, 10.1006/viro.1993.1253 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1253
  2. Armstrong, 1991, The Golgi sorting domain of coronavirus E1 protein, J. Cell Sci., 98, 567, 10.1242/jcs.98.4.567 · doi:10.1242/jcs.98.4.567
  3. Armstrong, 1984, Sequence and topology of a model intracellular membrane protein, E1 glycoprotein, from a coronavirus, Nature (London), 308, 751, 10.1038/308751a0 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Armstrong, 1990, Lysosomal sorting mutants of coronavirus E1 protein, a Golgi membrane protein, J. Cell Sci., 95, 191, 10.1242/jcs.95.2.191 · doi:10.1242/jcs.95.2.191
  5. Asanaka, 1993, Cell fusion studies identified multiple cellular factors involved in mouse hepatitis virus entry, Virology, 197, 732, 10.1006/viro.1993.1649 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1649
  6. Baker, 1989, Identification of a domain required for the autoproteolytic cleavage of murine coronavirus gene A polyprotein, J. Virol., 63, 3693, 10.1128/JVI.63.9.3693-3699.1989 · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.9.3693-3699.1989
  7. Baker, 1993, Identification of the catalytic sites of a papain-like cystein proteinase of murine coronavirus, J. Virol., 67, 6056, 10.1128/JVI.67.10.6056-6063.1993 · DOI
  8. Ballesteros, 1997, Two amino acid changes at the N-terminus of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus spike protein result in the loss of enteric tropism, Virology, 227, 378, 10.1006/viro.1996.8344 · doi:10.1006/viro.1996.8344
  9. Banner, 1991, Random nature of coronavirus RNA recombination in the absence of selection pressure, Virology, 185, 441, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90795-D · DOI
  10. Banner, 1990, A clustering of RNA recombination sites adjacent to a hypervariable region of the peplomer gene of murine coronavirus, Virology, 175, 548, 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90439-X · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90439-x
  11. Baric, 1985, Characterization of leader-related small RNAs in coronavirus-infected cells: Further evidence for leader-primed mechanism of transcription, Virus Res., 3, 19, 10.1016/0168-1702(85)90038-3 · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(85)90038-3
  12. Baric, 1987, Analysis of intracellular small RNAs of mouse hepatitis virus: Evidence for discontinuous transcription, Virology, 156, 342, 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90414-4 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(87)90414-4
  13. Baric, 1988, Interactions between coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and viral RNAs: Implications for viral transcription, J. Virol., 62, 4280, 10.1128/JVI.62.11.4280-4287.1988 · doi:10.1128/jvi.62.11.4280-4287.1988
  14. Baric, 1990, Establishing a genetic recombination map for murine coronavirus strain A59 complementation groups, Virology, 177, 646, 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90530-5 · DOI
  15. Baric, 1997, Episodic evolution mediates interspecies transfer of a murine coronavirus, J. Virol., 71, 1946, 10.1128/JVI.71.3.1946-1955.1997 · DOI
  16. Benbacer, 1997, Interspecies aminopeptidase-N chimeras reveal species-specific receptor recognition by canine coronavirus, feline infectious peritonitis virus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus, J. Virol., 71, 734, 10.1128/JVI.71.1.734-737.1997 · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.1.734-737.1997
  17. Beushausen, 1987, In vivo and in vitro models of demyelinating disease: Activation of the adenylate cyclase system influences JHM virus expression in explanted rat oligodendrocytes, J. Virol., 61, 3795, 10.1128/JVI.61.12.3795-3803.1987 · doi:10.1128/jvi.61.12.3795-3803.1987
  18. Bonilla, 1994, Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 RNA polymerase gene ORF 1a: Heterogeneity among MHV strains, Virology, 198, 736, 10.1006/viro.1994.1088 · doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1088
  19. Bonilla, 1995, Characterization of the leader papain-like proteinase of MHV-A59: Identification of a new in vitro cleavage site, Virology, 209, 489, 10.1006/viro.1995.1281 · doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1281
  20. Bonilla, 1997, Characterization of a second cleavage site and demonstration of activity in trans by the papain-like proteinase of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59, J. Virol., 71, 900, 10.1128/JVI.71.2.900-909.1997 · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.2.900-909.1997
  21. Bos, 1995, Mutational analysis of the murine coronavirus spike protein: Effect on cell-to-cell fusion, Virology, 214, 453, 10.1006/viro.1995.0056 · DOI
  22. Bos, 1996, The production of recombinant infectious DI-particles of a murine coronavirus in the absence of helper virus, Virology, 218, 52, 10.1006/viro.1996.0165 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Boursnell, 1987, Completion of the sequence of the genome of the coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus, J. Gen. Virol., 68, 57, 10.1099/0022-1317-68-1-57 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-68-1-57
  24. Brayton, 1981, Host cell nuclear function and murine hepatitis virus replication, J. Gen. Virol., 56, 457, 10.1099/0022-1317-56-2-457 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-56-2-457
  25. Brayton, 1982, Characterization of two RNA polymerase activities induced by mouse hepatitis virus, J. Virol., 42, 847, 10.1128/JVI.42.3.847-853.1982 · DOI
  26. Brayton, 1984, Further characterization of mouse hepatitis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerases, Virology, 133, 197, 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90439-2 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(84)90439-2
  27. Bredenbeek, 1990, The primary structure and expression of the second open reading frame of the polymerase gene of the coronavirus MHV-A59: A highly conserved polymerase is expressed by an efficient ribosomal frameshifting mechanism, Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 1825, 10.1093/nar/18.7.1825 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Brierley, 1987, An efficient ribosomal frame-shifting signal in the polymerase-encoding region of the coronavirus IBV, EMBO J., 6, 3779, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02713.x · DOI · Paper page
  29. Brierley, 1989, Characterization of an efficient coronavirus ribosomal frame-shifting signal: Requirement for an RNA pseudoknot, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 57, 537, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90124-4 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Brierly, 1990, Products of the polymerase-encoding region of the coronavirus IBV, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 276, 275, 10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_38 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_38
  31. Britton, 1991, Coronavirus motif [letter], Nature (London), 353, 394, 10.1038/353394a0 · doi:10.1038/353394a0
  32. Budzilowicz, 1987, In vitro synthesis of two polypeptides from a nonstructural gene of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59, Virology, 157, 509, 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90293-5 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(87)90293-5
  33. Budzilowicz, 1985, Three intergenic regions of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 genome RNA contain a common nucleotide sequence that is homologous to the 3′-end of the viral mRNA leader sequence, J. Virol., 53, 834, 10.1128/JVI.53.3.834-840.1985 · DOI
  34. Cabirac, 1994, Entry of coronavirus into primate CNS following peripheral infection, Microb. Pathog., 16, 349, 10.1006/mpat.1994.1035 · DOI
  35. Caul, 1977, Further studies on human enteric coronavirus, Arch. Virol., 54, 107, 10.1007/BF01314383 · doi:10.1007/bf01314383
  36. Cavanagh, 1983, Coronavirus IBV glycopolypeptides: Size of their polypeptide moieties and nature of their oligosaccharides, J. Gen. Virol., 64, 1187, 10.1099/0022-1317-64-5-1187 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-5-1187
  37. Cavanagh, 1983, Coronavirus IBV: Further evidence that the surface projections are associated with two glycopolypeptides, J. Gen. Virol., 64, 1787, 10.1099/0022-1317-64-8-1787 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-8-1787
  38. Cavanagh, 1983, Coronavirus IBV: Structural characterization of the spike protein, J. Gen. Virol., 64, 2577, 10.1099/0022-1317-64-12-2577 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Cavanagh, 1986, Coronavirus IBV: Removal of spike glycopolypep-tide S1 by urea abolishes infectivity and haemagglutination but not attachment to cells, J. Gen. Virol., 67, 1443, 10.1099/0022-1317-67-7-1443 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Cavanagh, 1992, Sequence analysis of strains of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus isolated during the 1960s in the UK, Arch. Virol., 130, 471, 10.1007/BF01309675 · DOI
  41. Cavanagh, 1986, Coronavirus IBV: Partial amino terminal sequencing of the spike poly-peptide S2 identifies the sequence Arg-Arg-Phe-Arg-Arg at the cleavage site of the spike precursor propolypeptide of IBV strains Beaudette and M41, Virus Res., 4, 133, 10.1016/0168-1702(86)90037-7 · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(86)90037-7
  42. Cavanagh, 1986, Coronavirus IBV glycopolypep-tides: Locational studies using proteases and saponin, a membrane permeabilizer, Virus Res., 4, 145, 10.1016/0168-1702(86)90038-9 · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(86)90038-9
  43. Cavanagh, 1988, Amino acids within hypervariable region 1 of avian coronarvirus IBV (Massachusetts serotype) spike glycoprotein are associated with neutralization epitopes, Virus Res., 11, 141, 10.1016/0168-1702(88)90039-1 · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(88)90039-1
  44. Cavanagh, 1990, Recommendations of the Coronavirus Study Group for the nomenclature of the structural proteins, mRNAs and genes of coronaviruses, Virology, 176, 306, 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90259-T · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90259-t
  45. Cavanagh, 1994, Revision of the taxonomy of the Coronavirus, Torovirus and Arterivirus genera, Arch. Virol., 135, 227, 10.1007/BF01309782 · doi:10.1007/bf01309782
  46. Chang, 1996, Cis requirement for N-specific protein sequence in bovine coronavirus defective interfering RNA replication, J. Virol., 70, 2201, 10.1128/JVI.70.4.2201-2207.1996 · DOI
  47. Chang, 1994, A cis-acting function for the coronavirus leader in defective-interfering RNA replication, J. Virol., 68, 8223, 10.1128/JVI.68.12.8223-8231.1994 · DOI
  48. Chang, 1996, The UCUAAAC promoter motif is not required for high-frequency leader recombination in bovine coronavirus defective interfering RNA, J. Virol., 70, 2720, 10.1128/JVI.70.5.2720-2729.1996 · DOI
  49. Charley, 1988, Induction of alpha interferon by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus: Role of transmembrane glycoprotein E1, J. Virol., 62, 8, 10.1128/JVI.62.1.8-11.1988 · doi:10.1128/jvi.62.1.8-11.1988
  50. Chen, 1996, Cytopathology of chick renal epithelial cells experimentally infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol., 25, 675, 10.1080/03079459608419174 · DOI
  51. Chen, 1995, A pregnancy-specific glycoprotein is expressed in the brain and serves as a receptor for mouse hepatitis virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 12095, 10.1073/pnas.92.26.12095 · DOI
  52. Chen, 1997, Human carcinoembryonic antigen and biliary glycoprotein can serve as mouse hepatitis virus receptors, J. Virol., 71, 1688, 10.1128/JVI.71.2.1688-1691.1997 · DOI
  53. Chen, 1995, Function of a 5′-end genomic RNA mutation that evolves during persistent mouse hepatitis virus infection in vitro, J. Virol., 69, 7529, 10.1128/JVI.69.12.7529-7540.1995 · DOI
  54. Chen, 1996, Molecular anatomy of mouse hepatitis virus persistence: Coevolution of increased host cell resistance and virus virulence, J. Virol., 70, 3947, 10.1128/JVI.70.6.3947-3960.1996 · DOI
  55. Collins, 1994, Human coronavirus OC43 interacts with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules at the cell surface to establish infection, Immunol. Invest., 23, 313, 10.3109/08820139409066826 · DOI
  56. Collins, 1982, Monoclonal antibodies to murine hepatitis virus-4 (strain JHM) define the viral glycoprotein responsible for attachment and cell-cell fusion, Virology, 119, 358, 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90095-2 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Compton, 1994, Enterotropic strains of mouse coronavirus differ in their use of murine carcinoembryonic antigen-related glycoprotein receptors, Virology, 203, 197, 10.1006/viro.1994.1475 · doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1475
  58. Compton, 1987, In vitro replication of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59, J. Virol., 61, 1814, 10.1128/JVI.61.6.1814-1820.1987 · doi:10.1128/jvi.61.6.1814-1820.1987
  59. Corapi, 1992, Monoclonal antibody analysis of neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus, J. Virol., 66, 6695, 10.1128/JVI.66.11.6695-6705.1992 · DOI
  60. Coutelier, 1994, B lymphocyte and macrophage expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related adhesion molecules that serve as receptors for murine corona-virus, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 1383, 10.1002/eji.1830240622 · DOI
  61. Cox, 1990, Intestinal replication of a respiratory coronavirus closely related antigenically to the enteric transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Vet. Microbiol., 23, 237, 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90154-N · doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90154-n
  62. Cox, 1991, Bovine coronavirus nonstructural protein ns2 is a phosphoprotein, Virology, 185, 509, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90810-X · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90810-x
  63. Dackiw, 1995, Induction of macrophage procoagulant activity by murine hepatitis virus strain 3: Role of tyrosine phosphorylation, J. Virol., 69, 5824, 10.1128/JVI.69.9.5824-5828.1995 · DOI
  64. Dalziel, 1986, Site-specific alteration of murine hepatitis virus type-4 (MHV-4) peplomer glycoprotein E2 results in reduced neurovirulence, J. Virol., 59, 463, 10.1128/JVI.59.2.463-471.1986 · DOI · Paper page
  65. David-Ferreira, 1965, An electron microscope study of the development of a mouse hepatitis virus in tissue culture cells, J. Cell Biol., 24, 57, 10.1083/jcb.24.1.57 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Dea, 1988, Identification of the structural proteins of turkey enteric coronavirus, Arch. Virol., 99, 173, 10.1007/BF01311068 · doi:10.1007/bf01311068
  67. de Groot, 1987, Evidence for a coiled-coil structure in the spike proteins of coronavirus, J. Mol. Biol., 196, 963, 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90422-0 · DOI · Paper page
  68. de Groot, 1989, Stably expressed FIPV peplomer protein induces cell fusion and elicits neutralizing antibodies in mice, Virology, 171, 493, 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90619-3 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90619-3
  69. de Groot, 1991, Sindbis virus RNA polymerase is degraded by the N-end rule pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88, 8967, 10.1073/pnas.88.20.8967 · DOI · Paper page
  70. de Groot, 1992, The fitness of defective interfering murine coronavirus DI-a and its derivatives is decreased by nonsense and frameshift mutations, J. Virol., 66, 5898, 10.1128/JVI.66.10.5898-5905.1992 · DOI
  71. Delmas, 1990, Assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and its role in epitope expression, J. Virol., 64, 5367, 10.1128/JVI.64.11.5367-5375.1990 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Delmas, 1992, Aminopeptidase N is a major receptor for the entero-pathogenic coronavirus TGEV, Nature (London), 357, 417, 10.1038/357417a0 · DOI · Paper page
  73. Delmas, 1994, Determinants essential for the transmissible gastroenteritis virus-receptor interaction reside within a domain of aminopeptidase-N that is distinct from the enzymatic site, J. Virol., 68, 5216, 10.1128/JVI.68.8.5216-5224.1994 · DOI
  74. den Boon, 1995, Equine arteritis virus subgenomic RNA transcription: UV inactivation and translation inhibition studies, Virology, 213, 364, 10.1006/viro.1995.0009 · doi:10.1006/viro.1995.0009
  75. Denison, 1986, Translation and processing of mouse hepatitis virus virion RNA in a cell-free system, J. Virol., 60, 12, 10.1128/JVI.60.1.12-18.1986 · doi:10.1128/jvi.60.1.12-18.1986
  76. Denison, 1992, Intracellular processing of the N-terminal ORF la proteins of the coronavirus MHV-A59 requires multiple proteolytic events, Virology, 189, 274, 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90703-R · DOI
  77. Denison, 1995, Identification and characterization of a 65-kDa protein processed from the gene 1 polyprotein of the murine coronavirus MHV-A59, Virology, 207, 316, 10.1006/viro.1995.1085 · doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1085
  78. Dennis, 1982, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in coronavirus-infected cells, J. Virol., 42, 153, 10.1128/JVI.42.1.153-164.1982 · doi:10.1128/jvi.42.1.153-164.1982
  79. Deregt, 1987, Monoclonal antibodies to bovine coronavirus: Characteristics and topographical mapping of neutralizing epitopes on the E2 and E3 glycoproteins, Virology, 161, 410, 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90134-6 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(87)90134-6
  80. Deregt, 1989, Monoclonal antibodies to bovine coronavirus glycoproteins E2 and E3: Demonstration of in vivo neutralizing activity, J. Gen. Virol., 70, 993, 10.1099/0022-1317-70-4-993 · DOI
  81. Dong, 1994, Determinants of the p28 cleavage site recognized by the first papain-like cysteine proteinase of murine coronavirus, Virology, 204, 541, 10.1006/viro.1994.1567 · doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1567
  82. Doughri, 1976, Morphology and morphogenesis of a coronavirus infecting intestinal epithelial cells of newborn calves, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 25, 355, 10.1016/0014-4800(76)90045-9 · doi:10.1016/0014-4800(76)90045-9
  83. Duarte, 1994, Sequence analysis of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome between the nucleocapsid and spike protein genes reveals a polymorphic ORF, Virology, 198, 466, 10.1006/viro.1994.1058 · doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1058
  84. Dubois-Dalcq, 1982, Cell tropism and expression of mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV) in mouse spinal cord cultures, Virology, 119, 317, 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90092-7 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(82)90092-7
  85. Dupuy, 1987, Genetically-determined sensitivity to MHV3 infections is expressed in vitro in lymphoid cells and macrophages, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 218, 455, 10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_57 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_57
  86. Dveksler, 1991, Cloning of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) receptor: Expression in human and hamster cell lines confers susceptibility to MHV, J. Virol., 65, 6881, 10.1128/JVI.65.12.6881-6891.1991 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Dveksler, 1993, Several members of the mouse carcinoembryonic antigen-related glycoprotein family are functional receptors for the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus-A59, J. Virol., 67, 1, 10.1128/JVI.67.1.1-8.1993 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Dveksler, 1993, Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 and blocking antireceptor monoclonal antibody bind to the N-terminal domain of cellular receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 1716, 10.1073/pnas.90.5.1716 · DOI
  89. Dveksler, 1995, Mouse hepatitis virus receptor activities of an MHVR/mph chimera and MHVR mutants lacking N-linked glycosylation of the N-terminal domain, J. Virol., 69, 543, 10.1128/JVI.69.1.543-546.1995 · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.1.543-546.1995
  90. Ebner, 1988, Identification of the coronavirus MHV-JHM mRNA 4 product, J. Gen. Virol., 69, 1041, 10.1099/0022-1317-69-5-1041 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-5-1041
  91. Eleouet, 1995, Complete sequence (20 kilobases) of the polyprotein-encoding gene 1 of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Virology, 206, 817, 10.1006/viro.1995.1004 · doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1004
  92. Evans, 1980, The coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus requires the cell nucleus and hosttranscriptional factors, Virology, 105, 582, 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90058-6 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(80)90058-6
  93. Fischer, 1997, The internal open reading frame within the nucleocapsid gene of mouse hepatitis virus encodes a structural protein that is not essential for viral replication, J. Virol., 71, 996, 10.1128/JVI.71.2.996-1003.1997 · DOI
  94. Fleming, 1986, Pathogenicity of antigenic variants of murine coronavirus JHM selected with monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol., 58, 869, 10.1128/JVI.58.3.869-875.1986 · DOI · Paper page
  95. Fleming, 1987, Experimental demyelination induced by coronavirus JHM (MHV-4): Molecular identification of a viral determinant of paralytic disease, Microb. Pathog., 3, 9, 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90033-7 · DOI
  96. Flintoff, 1984, Replication of murine coronaviruses in somatic cell hybrids between murine fibroblasts and rat schwannoma cells, Virology, 134, 450, 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90312-X · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(84)90312-x
  97. Fosmire, 1992, Identification and characterization of a coronavirus packaging signal, J. Virol., 66, 3522, 10.1128/JVI.66.6.3522-3530.1992 · DOI
  98. Fraha, 1985, Proteolytic cleavage of the E2 glycoprotein of murine coronavirus: Host-dependent differences in proteolytic cleavage and cell fusion, J. Virol., 56, 912, 10.1128/JVI.56.3.912-920.1985 · DOI · Paper page
  99. Fu, 1992, Evidence for variable rates of recombination in the MHV genome, Virology, 189, 88, 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90684-H · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(92)90684-h
  100. Fu, 1994, Map locations of mouse hepatitis virus temperature-sensitive mutants: Confirmation of variable rates of recombination, J. Virol., 68, 7458, 10.1128/JVI.68.11.7458-7466.1994 · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.11.7458-7466.1994
  101. Furuya, 1993, Three different cellular proteins bind to the complementary sites on the 5′-end positive-and 3′-end negative-strands of mouse hepatitis virus RNA, J. Virol., 67, 7215, 10.1128/JVI.67.12.7215-7222.1993 · DOI
  102. Furuya, 1993, Natural evolution of coronavirus defective-interfering RNA involves RNA recombination, Virology, 194, 408, 10.1006/viro.1993.1277 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1277
  103. Gagneten, 1995, Interaction of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) spike glycoprotein with receptor glycoprotein MHVR is required for infection with an MHV strain that expresses the hemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein, J. Virol., 69, 889, 10.1128/JVI.69.2.889-895.1995 · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.2.889-895.1995
  104. Gallagher, 1996, Murine coronavirus membrane fusion is blocked by modification of thiols buried within the spike protein, J. Virol., 70, 4683, 10.1128/JVI.70.7.4683-4690.1996 · DOI
  105. Gallagher, 1990, Neutralization-resistant variants of a neurotropic coronavirus are generated by deletions within the amino-terminal half of the spike glycoprotein, J. Virol., 64, 731, 10.1128/JVI.64.2.731-741.1990 · DOI
  106. Gallagher, 1991, Alteration of the pH dependence of coronavirus-induced cell fusion: Effect of mutations in the spike glycoprotein, J. Virol., 65, 1916, 10.1128/JVI.65.4.1916-1928.1991 · DOI · Paper page
  107. Gallagher, 1992, Cell receptor-independent infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus, Virology, 191, 517, 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90223-C · DOI
  108. Garwes, 1975, The polypeptide structure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, J. Gen. Virol., 29, 25, 10.1099/0022-1317-29-1-25 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-29-1-25
  109. Garwes, 1976, Isolation of subviral components from transmissible gastroenteritis virus, J. Gen. Virol., 32, 283, 10.1099/0022-1317-32-2-283 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-32-2-283
  110. Garwes, 1989, The polypeptide of Mr 14,000 of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus: Gene assignment and intracellular location, J. Gen. Virol., 70, 2495, 10.1099/0022-1317-70-9-2495 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-70-9-2495
  111. Godet, 1992, TGEV coronavirus ORF4 encodes a membrane protein that is incorporated into virions, Virology, 188, 666, 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90521-P · DOI
  112. Godet, 1994, Major receptor-binding and neutralization determinants are located within the same domain of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (coronavirus) spike protein, J. Virol., 68, 8008, 10.1128/JVI.68.12.8008-8016.1994 · DOI · Paper page
  113. Godfraind, 1995, Tissue and cellular distribution of an adhesion molecule in the carcinoembryonic antigen family that serves as a receptor for mouse hepatitis virus, Lab. Invest., 73, 615
  114. Gombold, 1993, Fusion-defective mutants of mouse hepatitis virus A59 contain a mutation in the spike protein cleavage signal, J. Virol., 67, 4504, 10.1128/JVI.67.8.4504-4512.1993 · DOI
  115. Gorbalenya, 1989, An NTP-binding motif is the most conserved sequence in a highly diverged monophyletic group of proteins involved in positive strand RNA viral replication, J. Mol. Evol., 28, 256, 10.1007/BF02102483 · DOI · Paper page
  116. Gorbalenya, 1989, Coronavirus genome: Prediction of putative functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein by comparative amino acid sequence analysis, Nucleic Acids Res., 17, 4847, 10.1093/nar/17.12.4847 · DOI · Paper page
  117. Gorbalenya, 1991, Putative papain-related thiol proteases of positive-strand RNA viruses, FEBS Lett., 288, 201, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81034-6 · DOI · Paper page
  118. Grosse, 1994, Single amino acid changes in the S2 subunit of the MHV surface glycoprotein confer resistance to neutralization by S1 subunit-specific monoclonal antibody, Virology, 202, 814, 10.1006/viro.1994.1403 · DOI
  119. Grötzinger, 1996, Characterization of a 105-kDa polypeptide encoded in gene 1 of the human coronavirus HCV 229E, Virology, 222, 227, 10.1006/viro.1996.0413 · doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0413
  120. Haspel, 1978, Temperature-sensitive mutants of mouse hepatitis virus produce a high incidence of demyelination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75, 4033, 10.1073/pnas.75.8.4033 · DOI
  121. Herold, 1993, An “elaborated” pseudoknot is required for high frequency frameshifting during translation of HCV 229E polymerase mRNA, Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 5838, 10.1093/nar/21.25.5838 · DOI
  122. Herold, 1993, Nucleotide sequence of the human coronavirus 229E RNA polymerase locus, Virology, 195, 680, 10.1006/viro.1993.1419 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1419
  123. Hilton, 1986, Translational control in murine hepatitis virus infection, J. Gen. Virol., 67, 923, 10.1099/0022-1317-67-5-923 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-67-5-923
  124. Hiscox, 1995, Quantification of individual subgenomic mRNA species during replication of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Virus Res., 36, 119, 10.1016/0168-1702(94)00108-O · DOI
  125. Hiscox, 1995, Investigation of the control of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA transcription by using T7-generated negative-sense RNA transcripts, J. Virol., 69, 6219, 10.1128/JVI.69.10.6219-6227.1995 · DOI
  126. Hodgman, 1988, A new superfamily of replicative proteins [letter], Nature (London), 333, 22, 10.1038/333022b0 · DOI · Paper page
  127. Hofmann, 1991, The 5′-end of coronavirus minus-strand RNAs contains a short poly(U) tract, J. Virol., 65, 6331, 10.1128/JVI.65.11.6331-6333.1991 · doi:10.1128/jvi.65.11.6331-6333.1991
  128. Hofmann, 1990, Bovine coronavirus mRNA replication continues throughout persistent infection in cell culture, J. Virol., 64, 4108, 10.1128/JVI.64.9.4108-4114.1990 · DOI
  129. Hofmann, 1993, Leader-mRNA junction sequences are unique for each subgenomic mRNA species in the bovine coronavirus and remain so throughout persistent infection, Virology, 196, 163, 10.1006/viro.1993.1464 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1464
  130. Hofmann, 1993, A translation-attenuating intraleader open reading frame is selected on coronavirus mRNAs during persistent infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 11733, 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11733 · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11733
  131. Hogue, 1986, Structural proteins of human respiratory coronavirus OC43, Virus Res., 5, 131, 10.1016/0168-1702(86)90013-4 · DOI
  132. Hogue, 1989, Synthesis and processing of the bovine enteric coronavirus hemagglutinin protein, J. Gen. Virol., 70, 345, 10.1099/0022-1317-70-2-345 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-70-2-345
  133. Holmes, 1981, Tunicamycin-resistant glycosylation of coronavirus glycoprotein: Demonstration of a novel type of viral glycoprotein, Virology, 115, 334, 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90115-X · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(81)90115-x
  134. Horsburgh, 1992, Analysis of a 9.6 kb sequence from the 3′ end of canine coronavirus genomic RNA, J. Gen. Virol., 73, 2849, 10.1099/0022-1317-73-11-2849 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-73-11-2849
  135. Hughes, 1995, Identification of the murine coronavirus p28 cleavage site, J. Virol., 69, 809, 10.1128/JVI.69.2.809-813.1995 · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.2.809-813.1995
  136. Ignjatovic, 1994, The S1 glycoprotein but not the N or M proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus induces protection in vaccinated chickens, Arch. Virol., 138, 117, 10.1007/BF01310043 · doi:10.1007/bf01310043
  137. Jacobs, 1981, Synthesis of subgenomic mRNA's of mouse hepatitis virus is initiated independently: Evidence from UV transcription mapping, J. Virol., 39, 401, 10.1128/JVI.39.2.401-406.1981 · doi:10.1128/jvi.39.2.401-406.1981
  138. Jeong, 1992, Mechanism of coronavirus transcription: Duration of primary transcription initiation activity and effects of subgenomic RNA transcription on RNA replication, J. Virol., 66, 3339, 10.1128/JVI.66.6.3339-3346.1992 · doi:10.1128/jvi.66.6.3339-3346.1992
  139. Jeong, 1994, Evidence for coronavirus discontinuous transcription, J. Virol., 68, 2615, 10.1128/JVI.68.4.2615-2623.1994 · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.4.2615-2623.1994
  140. Jeong, 1996, Coronavirus transcription mediated by sequences flanking the transcription consensus sequence, Virology, 217, 311, 10.1006/viro.1996.0118 · doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0118
  141. Jia, 1995, A novel variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination among three different strains, Arch. Virol., 140, 259, 10.1007/BF01309861 · DOI · Paper page
  142. Joo, 1992, Mutagenic analysis of the coronavirus intergenic consensus sequence, J. Virol., 66, 6330, 10.1128/JVI.66.11.6330-6337.1992 · doi:10.1128/jvi.66.11.6330-6337.1992
  143. Joo, 1995, The effect of two closely inserted transcription consensus sequences on coronavirus transcription, J. Virol., 69, 272, 10.1128/JVI.69.1.272-280.1995 · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.1.272-280.1995
  144. Kapke, 1988, The amino-terminal signal peptide on the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus matrix protein is not an absolute requirement for membrane translocation and glycosylation, Virology, 165, 367, 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90581-8 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90581-8
  145. Keck, 1987, Multiple recombination sites at the 5′-end of murine coronavirus RNA, Virology, 156, 331, 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90413-2 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(87)90413-2
  146. Keck, 1988, Temporal regulation of bovine coronavirus RNA synthesis, Virus Res., 9, 343, 10.1016/0168-1702(88)90093-7 · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(88)90093-7
  147. Keck, 1988, In vivo RNA-RNA recombination of coronavirus in mouse brain, J. Virol., 62, 1810, 10.1128/JVI.62.5.1810-1813.1988 · DOI
  148. Keck, 1988, RNA recombination of murine coronaviruses: Recombination between fusion-positive MHV-A59 and fusion-negative MHV-2, J. Virol., 62, 1989, 10.1128/JVI.62.6.1989-1998.1988 · DOI
  149. Kennedy, 1978, Inhibition of coronavirus 229E replication by actinomycin D, J. Virol., 29, 401, 10.1128/JVI.29.1.401-404.1979 · doi:10.1128/jvi.29.1.401-404.1979
  150. Kienzle, 1990, Structure and orientation of expressed bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase protein, J. Virol., 64, 1834, 10.1128/JVI.64.4.1834-1838.1990 · DOI
  151. Kim, 1995, Coronavirus protein processing and RNA synthesis is inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64d, Virology, 208, 1, 10.1006/viro.1995.1123 · DOI
  152. Kim, 1995, Two murine coronavirus genes suffice for viral RNA synthesis, J. Virol., 69, 2313, 10.1128/JVI.69.4.2313-2321.1995 · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.4.2313-2321.1995
  153. Kim, 1995, Characterization of a murine coronavirus defective interfering RNA internal cis-acting replication signal, J. Virol., 69, 4963, 10.1128/JVI.69.8.4963-4971.1995 · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.8.4963-4971.1995
  154. Kim, 1993, Generation and selection of coronavirus defective interfering RNA with large open reading frame by RNA recombination and possible editing, Virology, 194, 244, 10.1006/viro.1993.1255 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1255
  155. Kim, 1993, Analysis of cis-acting sequences essential for coronavirus defective interfering RNA replication, Virology, 197, 53, 10.1006/viro.1993.1566 · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1566
  156. King, 1985, Bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin protein, Virus Res., 2, 53, 10.1016/0168-1702(85)90059-0 · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(85)90059-0
  157. Klumperman, 1994, Coronavirus M proteins accumulate in the Golgi complex beyond the site of virion budding, J. Virol., 68, 6523, 10.1128/JVI.68.10.6523-6534.1994 · DOI · Paper page
  158. Knobler, 1984, Host genetic control of mouse hepatitis virus type-4 (JHM strain) replication. II. The gene locus for susceptibility is linked to the Svp-2 locus on mouse chromosome 7, Exp. Clin. Immunogenet., 1, 217
  159. Koetzner, 1992, Repair and mutagenesis of the genome of a deletion mutant of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus by targeted RNA recombination, J. Virol., 66, 1841, 10.1128/JVI.66.4.1841-1848.1992 · DOI
  160. Konings, 1988, Differential premature termination of transcription as a proposed mechanism for the regulation of coronavirus gene expression, Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 10849, 10.1093/nar/16.22.10849 · DOI
  161. Kooi, 1988, Early events of importance in determining host cell permissiveness to mouse hepatitis virus infection, J. Gen. Virol., 69, 1125, 10.1099/0022-1317-69-6-1125 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-6-1125
  162. Kooi, 1991, Differentiation of acid-pH-dependent and -nondependent entry pathways for mouse hepatitis virus, Virology, 180, 108, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90014-3 · DOI
  163. Koolen, 1983, Temperature-sensitive mutants of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59: Isolation, characterization and neuropathogenic properties, Virology, 125, 393, 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90211-8 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(83)90211-8
  164. Koopmans, 1994, Toroviruses of animals and humans: A review, Adv. Virus Res., 43, 233, 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60050-0 · doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60050-0
  165. Kotier, 1995, Experimental evidence of recombination in coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus, Virology, 213, 569, 10.1006/viro.1995.0029 · DOI
  166. Krijnse-Locker, 1994, Characterization of the budding compartment of mouse hepatitis virus: Evidence that transport from the RER to the Golgi complex requires only one vesicular transport step, J. Cell Biol., 124, 55, 10.1083/jcb.124.1.55 · DOI · Paper page
  167. Krishnan, 1996, Tandem placement of a coronavirus promoter results in enhanced mRNA synthesis from the downstream-most initiation site, Virology, 218, 400, 10.1006/viro.1996.0210 · doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0210
  168. Krzystyniak, 1981, Early interaction between mouse hepatitis virus 3 and cells, J. Gen. Virol., 57, 53, 10.1099/0022-1317-57-1-53 · DOI
  169. Krzystyniak, 1984, Entry of mouse hepatitis virus 3 into cells, J. Gen. Virol., 65, 227, 10.1099/0022-1317-65-1-227 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-65-1-227
  170. Kubo, 1994, Localization of neutralizing epitopes and the receptor-binding site within the ammo-terminal 330 amino acids of the murine coronavirus spike protein, J. Virol., 68, 5403, 10.1128/JVI.68.9.5403-5410.1994 · DOI · Paper page
  171. Kunkel, 1993, Structural and functional analysis of the surface protein of human coronavirus OC43, Virology, 195, 195, 10.1006/viro.1993.1360 · DOI
  172. Kusters, 1989, Phylogeny of antigenic variants of avian coronavirus IBV, Virology, 169, 217, 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90058-5 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90058-5
  173. Labonte, 1995, Sequence and expression of the ns2 protein gene of human coronavirus OC43, J. Gen. Virol., 76, 431, 10.1099/0022-1317-76-2-431 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-76-2-431
  174. Lai, 1986, Coronavirus leader RNA-primed transcription: An alternative mechanism to RNA splicing, BioEssays, 5, 257, 10.1002/bies.950050606 · DOI
  175. Lai, 1990, Coronavirus: Organization, replication and expression of genome, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 44, 303, 10.1146/annurev.mi.44.100190.001511 · DOI · Paper page
  176. Lai, 1992, RNA recombination in animal and plant viruses, Microbiol. Rev., 56, 61, 10.1128/mr.56.1.61-79.1992 · DOI · Paper page
  177. Lai, 1981, Mouse hepatitis virus A59: Messenger RNA structure and genetic localization of the sequence divergence from the hepatotropic strain MHV 3, J. Virol., 39, 823, 10.1128/JVI.39.3.823-834.1981 · doi:10.1128/jvi.39.3.823-834.1981
  178. Lai, 1982, Further characterization of mRNAs of mouse hepatitis virus: Presence of common 5′-end nucleotides, J. Virol., 41, 557, 10.1128/JVI.41.2.557-565.1982 · doi:10.1128/jvi.41.2.557-565.1982
  179. Lai, 1983, The presence of leader sequences in the mRNA of mouse hepatitis virus, J. Virol., 46, 1027, 10.1128/JVI.46.3.1027-1033.1983 · doi:10.1128/jvi.46.3.1027-1033.1983
  180. Lai, 1984, Characterization of leader RNA sequences on the virion and mRNAs of mouse hepatitis virus-a cytoplasmic RNA virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81, 3626, 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3626 · DOI · Paper page
  181. Lai, 1985, Recombination between nonsegmented RNA genomes of mu-rine coronaviruses, J. Virol., 56, 449, 10.1128/JVI.56.2.449-456.1985 · DOI · Paper page
  182. Lai, 1987, Coronavirus: A jumping RNA transcription, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Symp., 52, 359, 10.1101/SQB.1987.052.01.041 · DOI
  183. Lai, 1994, Coronavirus: How a large RNA viral genome is replicated and transcribed, Infect. Agents Dis., 3, 98
  184. La Monica, 1991, Localization of extensive deletions in the structural genes of two neurotropic variants of murine coronavirus JHM, Virology, 182, 883, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90635-O · DOI
  185. La Monica, 1992, Coronavirus mRNA synthesis: Identification of novel transcription initiation signals which are differentially regulated by different leader sequences, Virology, 188, 402, 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90774-J · DOI
  186. Lapps, 1987, Sequence analysis of the bovine coronavirus nucleocapsid and matrix protein genes, Virology, 157, 47, 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90312-6 · DOI
  187. Laude, 1993, Porcine respiratory coronavirus: Molecular features and virus-host interactions, Vet. Res., 24, 125
  188. Laude, 1987, Sequence and N-terminal processing of the transmembrane protein E1 of the coronavirus transmissible gastrenteritis virus, J. Gen. Virol., 68, 1687, 10.1099/0022-1317-68-6-1687 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-68-6-1687
  189. Laude, 1992, Single amino acid changes in the viral glycoprotein M affect induction of alpha interferon by the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus, J. Virol., 66, 743, 10.1128/JVI.66.2.743-749.1992 · DOI
  190. Laviada, 1990, Expression of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus envelope antigens on the surface of infected cells: Epitopes externally exposed, Virus Res., 16, 247, 10.1016/0168-1702(90)90051-C · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(90)90051-c
  191. Le, 1994, Distinct structural elements and internal entry of ribosomes in mRNA3 encoded by infectious bronchitis virus, Virology, 198, 405, 10.1006/viro.1994.1051 · doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1051
  192. Lee, 1991, The complete sequence (22 kilobases) of murine coronavirus gene 1 encoding the putative proteases and RNA polymerase, Virology, 180, 567, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90071-I · DOI · Paper page
  193. Leibowitz, 1988, Synthesis of virus-specific RNA in permeabilized murine coronavirus-infected cells, Virology, 166, 66, 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90147-X · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90147-x
  194. Leibowitz, 1981, The virus specific intracellular RNA species of two murine coronaviruses: MHV A59 and MHV-JHM, Virology, 114, 39, 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90250-6 · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(81)90250-6
  195. Leibowitz, 1982, Genetic analysis of murine hepatitis virus strain JHM, J. Virol., 42, 1080, 10.1128/JVI.42.3.1080-1087.1982 · doi:10.1128/jvi.42.3.1080-1087.1982
  196. Leibowitz, 1982, Cell-free translation of murine coronavirus RNA, J. Virol., 43, 905, 10.1128/JVI.43.3.905-913.1982 · doi:10.1128/jvi.43.3.905-913.1982
  197. Leibowitz, 1988, Detection of a murine coronavirus nonstructural protein encoded in a downstream open reading frame, Virology, 164, 156, 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90631-9 · DOI
  198. Lewis, 1993, Differential in vitro inhibition of feline enteric coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus by actinomycin D, J. Gen. Virol., 73, 3285, 10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3285 · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3285
  199. Li, 1992, Coronavirus IBV-induced membrane fusion occurs at near-neutral pH, Arch. Virol., 122, 307, 10.1007/BF01317192 · DOI
  200. Liao, 1992, RNA recombination in a coronavirus: Recombination between viral genomic RNA and transfected RNA fragments, J. Virol., 66, 6117, 10.1128/JVI.66.10.6117-6124.1992 · DOI

200 of 406 shown

Cited by

See all 1,143

Metadata

Authors
Lai, M. M. C., & Cavanagh, D.
Venue
Advances in Virus Research
Publisher
Elsevier
Published
1997
Volume
48
Pages
1-100
ISSN
0065-3527 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60286-9
OpenAlex
W1811783050
Cited by
1,143
References
0
FWCI
58.95
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60286-9
The paper
Lai, M. M. C., & Cavanagh, D. (1997). The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses. Advances in Virus Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60286-9

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.