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[1] Measurement of absolute oxygen levels in cells and tissues using oxygen sensors and 2-nitroimidazole EF5
Abstract
We have established basic methods, using quantitative measures of EF5 binding, to estimate the actual pO2 of cells and tissues. In situations where the tissue can be dissociated into single cells, or for cell cultures, we can measure the distribution of cellular binding rates using flow cytometry and these can be compared with cells treated under pO2S controlled by the spinner vial or thin-film methods in vitro. The flow cytometer is calibrated by staining V79 cells treated with EF5 under "standard" conditions. For intact tissues treated with EF5 in vivo, we need to correct for possible variations in drug exposure (AUC). Frozen sections are stained for EF5 binding and are analyzed by a sensitive (cooled) CCD camera with linear output vs fluorescence [figure: see text] input. The camera has very consistent sensitivity, but the entire optical system, including the camera, can be calibrated by an absolute fluorescence standard (dye in hemocytometer). This system can also be used to measure the fluorescence of the flow cytometer standards, providing a direct link between the two assays. We can measure the maximum binding rate using the tissue cube method, but need to assume an "average" oxygen dependence of binding for intact tissues. The best-fit approximation for existing data is an inverse relationship between binding and pO2, with binding decreasing 50-fold between 0.1 and 10% oxygen. Using these methods, we routinely estimate the minimum pO2 (maximum binding) in experimental rodent and human tumors. In normal tissue models, an excellent correlation is found between near-maximal binding (severe hypoxia) and apoptosis (heart infarct and ductus arteriosus). Some normal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle) are refractory to both cellular disaggregation and cube calibration methods. To extend the tissue imaging measurements to a complete two- or three-dimensional analysis of the distribution of tissue pO2s requires a substantial additional investment of imaging methods, which are currently being implemented.
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“the gut, which is known to be relatively hypoxic under physiologic conditions (Koch, 2002)”
From Control of TH17/Treg Balance by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (2011) · cites this paper as Koch, 2002
In the citing paper
“the lamina propria of the gut, which, as indicated above (Koch, 2002), is relatively hypoxic”
From Control of TH17/Treg Balance by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (2011) · cites this paper as Koch, 2002
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Ranalli, N. J., Evans, S. M., & Judy, K. D. (2009) · Neurosurgery Quarterly · doi:10.1097/wnq.0b013e3181824661 · Cited by 4
Koch, C. J. (2018) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr15029.1 · Cited by 4
Self-citationInflammation rewires the enteric nervous system through neurogenic monocyte recruitment
Kurapati, S., Shin, C., Szabo, K., Liu, Y., Ashraf, A. Z., Koscsó, B., Dash, C. P., Kruckow, K. L., Navarro, L. G., Clark, A. M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20251761 · Cited by 4
Lohse, I., Crossman, C., Pereira, K., Haller, A., Chung, S., Pintilie, M., Jackson-Fisher, A. J., Arsdale, T. V., Ailles, L., O'Brien, C. A., et al. (2015) · journal of cancer therapeutics and research · doi:10.7243/2049-7962-4-2 · Cited by 3
Hammond, E. M., Papandreou, I., & Giaccia, A. J. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527619665.ch30 · Cited by 3
Steltzer, S. S., Migotsky, N., Phillips, T., Lamia, S. N., Abeid, B. A., Lee, K. P., Bae, S.-H., Leek, C. C., Grossman, S., Shaik, M., et al. (2026) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.205458 · Cited by 2
Androgen withdrawal fails to induce detectable tissue hypoxia in the rat prostate
Regter, S., Hedayati, M. A., Zhang, Y., Zhou, H., Dalrymple, S. L., Koch, C. J., Isaacs, J. T., & DeWeese, T. L. (2014) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.22803 · Cited by 2
Self-citationApplications of Small-Animal Molecular Imaging in Drug Development
Niu, G., & Chen, X. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0894-3_24 · Cited by 2
Fetal Growth Plate Cartilage: Histological and Immunohistochemical Techniques
Tata, Z., Merceron, C., & Schipani, E. (2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1119-7_5 · Cited by 2
Yuan, H., Palmer, G. M., & Dewhirst, M. W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00074-0 · Cited by 2
Retinal Hypoxia as an Early-Detection Imaging Biomarker for Diabetic Retinopathy
Uddin, M. I., & Penn, J. S. (2026) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2025.11.012 · Cited by 1
Ultra-High Dose-Rate Oxygen Depletion and Skin Response to Irradiation
Huang, Q., Gerweck, L. E., Huang, P., Cascio, E., Rothwell, B., Gonzalez, T. R., Sunnerberg, J. P., Clark, M. A., & Schuemann, J. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18122011 · Cited by 1
Two photon Imaging of the Oxygen Partial Pressure in Cerebral Microvasculature
Sakadžić, S., Roussakis, E., Yaseen, M. A., Srinivasan, V. J., Mandeville, E. T., Devor, A., Lo, E. H., Vinogradov, S. A., & Boas, D. A. (2010) · Biomedical Optics and 3-D Imaging · doi:10.1364/biomed.2010.btuf8 · Cited by 1
Dragowska, W. H., Ginj, M., Kozłowski, P., Yung, A. C., Ruth, T. J., Adam, M. J., Sossi, V., Bally, M. B., & Yapp, D. T. T. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18537 · Cited by 1
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Drives Vascularization of Modularly Assembled Engineered Tissue
Lam, G. C., & Sefton, M. (2019) · Tissue Engineering. Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0294 · Cited by 1
Grahl, N., Kowalski, C. H., & Cramer, R. A. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1182-1_13 · Cited by 1
In Regard to Brown et al. (Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78:323–327)
Koch, C. J., & Evans, S. M. (2011) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.04.006 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMoon, E. J. (2010) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 1
Monocytes Mobilized by Gut Neurons Remodel the Enteric Nervous SystemPreprint
Kurapati, S., Shin, C., Szabo, K., Liu, Y., Ashraf, A. Z., Koscsó, B., Dash, C. P., Navarro, L. G., Saha, M., Nagaraj, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598124 · Cited by 1
Steltzer, S. S., Migotsky, N., Phillips, T., Lamia, S. N., Lee, K. W., Bae, S.-H., Leek, C. C., Grossman, S., Shaik, M., Risha, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.693209 · Cited by 1
Changes in Oxygen Tension Rapidly and Reversibly Regulate Macrophage Nitric Oxide Production
Robinson, M. E. A. (2009) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Metadata
- Authors
- Koch, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koch, Cameron J.
- Venue
- Methods in Enzymology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 352
- Pages
- 3-31
- ISSN
- 0076-6879 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1554643012
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 25.02
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- EF5, 2-nitroimidazole, tissue oxygenation, oxygen sensors, hypoxia, apoptosis, flow cytometry, tissue dissociation, fluorescence imaging, tumor oxygenation, V79 cells, ductus arteriosus, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hypoxia, Biochemistry, Flow Cytometry, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Immunohistochemistry, Neoplasms, Oxygen, Pressure, Time Factors, Etanidazole, Mice
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