The DOI matches its Crossref record; 125 of the 127 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The role of serotonin in human mood and social interaction
Abstract
Alterations in brain tryptophan levels cause changes in brain serotonin synthesis, and this has been used to study the implication of altered serotonin levels in humans. In the acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) technique, subjects ingest a mixture of amino acids devoid of tryptophan. This results in a transient decline in tissue tryptophan and in brain serotonin. ATD can result in lower mood and increase in irritability or aggressive responding. The magnitude of the effect varies greatly depending on the susceptibility of the subject to lowered mood or aggressivity. Unlike ATD, tryptophan can be given chronically. Tryptophan is an antidepressant in mild to moderate depression and a small body of data suggests that it can also decrease aggression. Preliminary data indicate that tryptophan also increases dominant behavior during social interactions. Overall, studies manipulating tryptophan levels support the idea that low serotonin can predispose subjects to mood and impulse control disorders. Higher levels of serotonin may help to promote more constructive social interactions by decreasing aggression and increasing dominance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A substantial body of literature implicates 5-HT neurotransmission in social processing and behavior (e.g. Del-Ben et al. 2008; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
From Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward (2009) · cites this paper as Young and Leyton, 2002
Citations
Cites
Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress
Bloom, F. E., & Kupfer, D. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,985
An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility.
Buss, A. H., & Durkee, A. (1957) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046900 · Cited by 2,614
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality
Leary, T. (1957) · Cited by 2,272
Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress
Brophy, J. J. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530220079046 · Cited by 1,582
Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids.
Harper, A. E., Benevenga, N. J., & Wohlhueter, R. M. (1970) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1970.50.3.428 · Cited by 1,134
Hodgins, S. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830060031004 · Cited by 995
Serotonin Function and the Mechanism of Antidepressant Action
Delgado, P. L. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810170011002 · Cited by 939
Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain
Nishizawa, S., Benkelfat, C., Young, S. N., Leyton, M., Mzengeza, S., de Montigny, C., Blier, P., & Dikšić, M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.10.5308 · Cited by 911
Self-citationTaylor, S. P. (1967) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x · Cited by 870
Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males
Young, S. N., Smith, S. E., Pihl, R. O., & Ervin, F. R. (1985) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00431803 · Cited by 715
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Kiesler, 1983, The 1982 interpersonal transaction circle: a taxonomy for complementarity in human processes, Psychol Bull, 77, 421
- Moreno, 1999, Lack of gender effects in mood response to catecholamine depletion, Meet Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol, Acapulco, Mexico, 38, 104
- Moreno, 2001, Association between SLC6A4 polymorphism and mood response to tryptophan depletion, Eur Winter Conf Brain Res, Les Arcs, France, 21, 59
- Wiggins, 1985, The interpersonal circle: a structural model for the integration of personality research, Perspect Pers, 1, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–395 of 395
Kim, S., Choi, Y.-J., Kim, J., Wickens, C. L., & Yoon, M. (2025) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105361 · Cited by 2
Possible directions for the discovery of new antidepressant
Young, S. N. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.100169 · Cited by 2
“Serotonin may be involved, as acute tryptophan depletion reverses the therapeutic effect of bright light in patients with winter depression.(16) Also, in euthymic women who exhibit mild seasonality, bright light prevents the lowering of mood due to acute tryptophan depletion.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPeng, J., & Ren, H. C. (2024) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102829 · Cited by 3
“Overtraining may affect neurotransmitter levels in the brain, such as serotonin, dopamine, and GABA (Meeusen and De Meirleir, 1995; Meeusen et al., 2006), which are crucial for mood regulation and stress response (Young and Leyton, 2002; M ¨ ohler, 2012).”
BackgroundKroeze, Y., Oti, M., Cooijmans, R. H. M., van Beusekom, E., Kroeze, L. I., Middelman, A., van Bokhoven, H., Kolk, S. M., Homberg, J. R., & Zhou, H. (2025) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22973 · Cited by 2
“…5-HT) is an important neuro-transmitter in the central nervous system, where it has various functions, including the regulation of mood (Young and Leyton 2002), appetite (Tecott 2007), sleep (Silber and Schmitt 2010; Ivarsson et al. 2005), and learning and memory (Schmitt et al. 2000;…”
LED Office Lighting to Promote Performance and Well-Being
Moeller, K., Grote, V., Keller, K., Lorenz, D., Moser, M., & Khanh, T. Q. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21716-6_8 · Cited by 2
“Sun light supports the production of serotonin and vitamin D which can improve health and subjective well-being [22-25].”
BackgroundPsychosocial Functioning of Carcinoid Cancer Patients: Test of a Stress and Coping Mediated Model1
Soliday, E., Garofalo, J. P., Smith, S. R., Prostko, R. A., & Warner, R. R. P. (2004) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2004.tb00098.x · Cited by 2
Salts of Tryptophan with p-Toluenesulphonic Acid and Camphorsulphonic Acids
Sayed, A., & Jacobs, A. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Crystallography · doi:10.1007/s10870-015-0627-6 · Cited by 2
Expression, purification and stabilization of human serotonin transporter from E. coli
Worms, D., Maertens, B., Kubicek, J., Subhramanyam, U. K. T., & Labahn, J. (2019) · Protein Expression and Purification · doi:10.1016/j.pep.2019.105479 · Cited by 2
Amino Acids, Brain Metabolism, Mood, and Behavior
Young, S. N. (2005) · Nutrition, brain, and behavior./Nutrition, brain and behavior · doi:10.1201/9780203564554.ch9 · Cited by 2
“There is a suggestion that a marked mood response in these patients may predict future relapse (Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPatterns and correlates of prosocial behaviour development
Nantel‐Vivier, A. (2010) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/9475 · Cited by 2
Evers, E. A. T. (2006) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20060928ee · Cited by 2
Action-Shapers and Their Neuro-Immunological Foundations
Paans, O., & Ehlen, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.917876 · Cited by 1
Tradition and science of Trataka kriya: A comprehensive review
Pramanik, P., & Chatterjee, S. (2024) · Yoga Mimamsa · doi:10.4103/ym.ym_67_24 · Cited by 1
Hazani, R., Weller, A., Turjeman, S., Sharon, E., Saleev, N., Moadi, L., Elliott, E., Bartal, I. B.-A., & Koren, O. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.06.023 · Cited by 1
Phthalocyanine-Modified Electrodes Used in the Electroanalysis of Monoamine Neurotransmitters
Ciucu, A. A., Buleandră, M., Popa, D. E., & Ștefănescu, D. C. (2025) · Chemosensors · doi:10.3390/chemosensors13070243 · Cited by 1
Pathak, N. K., Nandeshwar, N., Sahoo, P., Pradhan, A. K., Singha, T., Datta, P. K., & Tripathy, U. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16254-4 · Cited by 1
Lv, L., Bi, L., Zhang, H., Huang, W., Jin, C., Li, Y., Liang, W., Feng, J., Ma, F., Duan, T., et al. (2025) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaf477 · Cited by 1
Molecular imaging of individual behaviour
Moresco, R. M., & Fazio, F. (2005) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-005-1824-x · Cited by 1
“Animal and human studies indicate that serotonin plays an important role in the neurochemical control of aggression, especially when a component of impulsivity is present [4].”
BackgroundThe Romantic Brain: Secure Attachment Activates the Brainstem Centers of Well-Being
Kikuchi, Y., & Noriuchi, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38360-2_8 · Cited by 2
Chen, Y.-J., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110032 · Cited by 1
Modified Carbon-thread based Miniaturized Electrochemical Platform for Real Time Serotonin Detection
Kumar, S., Amreen, K., Dubey, S. K., & Goel, S. (2023) · IEEE Applied Sensing Conference (APSCON) · doi:10.1109/apscon56343.2023.10101111 · Cited by 1
Physical Activity as a Tool for Enhancing Learning
Rahman, A. A., Teo, W., Chua, T. B. K., & Chia, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5378-3_8 · Cited by 2
The Role Of Serotonin In The Cognitive Function Of The Elderly : A Literature Review
Pasaribu, R. H., Ichwan, M., Rambe, A. S., Malisie, R. F., & Widjaja, S. S. (2023) · International Journal of Ecophysiology · doi:10.32734/ijoep.v5i1.12313 · Cited by 1
Hyde, L. W. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Impulsivity and Affective Regulation
Swann, A. C. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0084 · Cited by 1
Why We Need a Music Player in Every Patient Room
Bradley, D., & Viswanath, O. (2019) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2019.303 · Cited by 1
Greeff, O. B. W. (2020) · South African General Practitioner · doi:10.36303/10.36303/sagp.2020.2.0016 · Cited by 1
Antidepressants, serotonin and cognition : applied and fundamental studies in human volunteers
Wingen, M. (2007) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20070524mw · Cited by 1
The Developmental Evidence Base
Schug, R. A., Gao, Y., Glenn, A. L., Huang, Y. L., Peskin, M., Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781394260669.ch11 · Cited by 1
Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Kynurenine Formamidase from Bacillus cereus.
Bougie, J. M. (2012) · doi:10.13021/mars/6891 · Cited by 1
Manipulating serotonin function in depression
Merens, W. (2003) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)
Jans, L. A. W. (2008) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20080530lj
Serotonin, cortisol, and stress-related psychopathology: from bench to bed
Tanke, M. A. C. (2009) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
How Does Average Protein Consumption Affect Happiness
Wellander, N. (2011) · DigitalCommons-Macalester (Macalester College)
Lee, E. J. (2010) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Integrated study on the mRNA expression of the human serotonin transporter
Vijayendran, M. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.z7s3cof7 · Cited by 1
“Serotonin [2], a sodium ion [3], and a chloride ion [4] are then able to bind to the transporter {C}.”
BackgroundThe effect of breakfast consumption prior to exercise on cognitive performance, mood and appetite
Veasey, R. C. (2013) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
Schlegel, H.-M. (2008) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-7473
Bastani, A. (2015) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
WITHDRAWN: Is acute tryptophan depletion a valid method to assess central serotonergic function?
van der Plasse, G., & Feenstra, M. G. P. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.010
PET studies of the serotonin transporter in the human brain
Lundberg, J. (2006) · Figshare
Mace, J. L. (2007) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
The Effect of Manipulating the IL-6 Response to Exercise on Biomarkers and Exercise Performance
Walshe, I. H. (2012) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
Neumark, E. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Clinical implications and genetic regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase serum activity
Raitala, A. (2009) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
Jokela, M. M., Räikkönen, K., Lehtimäki, T. J., Rontu, R., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2007)
Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology of Decision Making
Long, A. (2009)
Social Status and Intertemporal PreferencesPreprint
Barradale, N. J. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1520166
Kelz, C. (2010) · eCommons (Cornell University)
Guideline Development Group Membership
Tyrer, P. J., Kendall, T., BATEMAN, A. W., Psychiatrist, C., Bayliss, L., & Bouras, N. (2005)
Tryptophan Metabolism in Parkinson’s Disease: Future Therapeutic Possibilities
Majláth, Z., & Vécsei, L. (2013) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849737357-00327
Lebedeva, E. R. (2009) · OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) · doi:10.18725/oparu-2038
The effects of tryptophan depletion on impulsivity and mood in healthy men and women
Walderhaug, E. (2007) · Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)
Fernandez, G., & Consuelo, M. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Relationship Between the Level of Serotonin in Human Blood and Aggressive Behavior
Maimanee, T. A., & Bangitah, H. (2011) · Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Science · doi:10.4197/sci.23-1.10
“[18] indicated that the decrease in serotonin resulted in a decline of man’s mood, which in turn works to increase irritation, nervousness and aggression.”
BackgroundStudies on Premenstrual Dysphoria
Eriksson, O. (2005) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
The Relationship of Alcohol Dependence to Monoamine Oxidase A
Matthews, B. A. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) and the Etiology of Autism
Ruiz‐Rubio, M., & McInnes, L. A. (2005) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80037-7
Neuroimaging in Seasons and Winter Depression
Spindelegger, C., Willeit, M., Praschak-Rieder, N., Lanzenberger, R. R., & Kasper, S. F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40384-2_8
Influences On Monoamine Oxidase Activity In The Brain And Translation Into Major Depressive Disorder
Raitsin, S. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Ebenezer, I. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118385777.refs
Liu, Z., Song, L., & Tian, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4068410
(2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805372-0.16001-8
Young, S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_31
Self-citationNeuroimaging in Seasons and Winter Depression
Dajic, I., Praschak-Rieder, N., Lanzenberger, R. R., Spindelegger, C., Kasper, S. F., & Willeit, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57231-0_6
Young, S. N. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_31-2
Self-citationvan Donkelaar, E. L. (2009) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20090917ed
Young, S. N. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_31
Self-citation(2016) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/bk9781782621348-00303
Teresa, H., & Drury, L. (2023) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781789245134.0005
Role of Phytoflavonoids in the Management of Anxiety and Depression: An Overview
Mazumder, A., Khan, A., & Saini, J. (2023) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2023/33991
Molecular choreography to acute heat exposure in a simulated extreme high temperature environmentPreprint
Wen, J., Wang, L., Cheng, J., Liu, Y., Ma, T., Wen, Q., Zhou, J., Sun, X., Li, C., Zou, Y., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3615487/v1
Unfolding the Innovation of Meanings: A Modified Design Thinking ApproachPreprint
Yang, Y., Jamil, R., Jiang, T., & Deng, B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4834281
Ostadi, R., Pourvali, A., Tajerian, A., Alinezhad, S., Lotfi, A., & Javaheri, J. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05175-2
Social group size alters social behavior and dopaminergic and serotonergic systems
Kim, Y.-J., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2025.2454257
“In humans, low 5-HT levels due to acute tryptophan depletion can affect mood and impulse control (Young & Leyton, 2002).”
Yang, Q., Lv, Y., Gao, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhai, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529339
Development of an Automated Dip-Type ELISA System
Kasama, T., Shinohara, M., Matsunaga, Y. T., & Miyake, R. (2025) · IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines · doi:10.1541/ieejsmas.145.206
Deepti, Kolay, A., Majumder, S., & Kumar, A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Materials for Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/tmat.2025.3616978
“A low level of ST has been linked to several illnesses and conditions, such as carcinoid syndrome, uncontrolled hemostasis, anxiety, migraines, and depression[4].”
Xu, J., Xu, A., Yu, J., & Piao, L. (2025) · Psycho-Oncologie · doi:10.18282/po4549
On the anxiogenic influence of serotonin
Näslund, J. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on beliefs in a Stag Hunt game
Bengart, P., Declerck, C. H., Neumann, T., & Vogt, B. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.107320
Aktaş, Y., Yapıncak, S., Yücel, S., Öncül, H., Öztepe, İ., & Acar, S. (2025) · Current Research in Social Sciences · doi:10.30613/curesosc.1659704
Pantoja, L. V. P. D. S., Soares, L. F. R., da Conceição, B. C., Carvalheiro-Simas, T. C. V. S., Luz, D. A., Prediger, R. D., de Andrade, G. M., Fontes-Júnior, E. A., Pinheiro, B. G., Cartágenes, S. D. C., et al. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116048
Circadian system in diurnal and nocturnal rodents : role of the arousal system
Caputo, R. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6b1f5b82zb4a3z406ezbcc6z8c32df00ee52
Gao, Y., Wan, M., Kong, Z., Guo, Q., Li, F., & Duan, Y. (2026) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2026.01.006
Evolved to Endure: The Social Rank Hypothesis of ResiliencePreprint
Reiss, J. J., & Garcia, H. A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9569886/v1
Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Focused Narrative Review
Pavlovic, D., Gazdic, M., Papic, D., Kastratović, N., Jovic, N., Protrka, S., Janjic, V. S., & Ljujić, B. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18142272
Caroline, M., Ayodele, O. M., Sabiu, S., Aremu, A. O., & Lekhooa, M. (2026) · In Silico Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s40203-026-00689-2
“These phytochemicals have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory prop - erties, modulate monoamine neurotransmitters, regulate neurotrophic factors including BDNF, and restore stress-related neuroendocrine function (Young and Leyton 2002).”
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Women Exposed to High Altitude
Flores, K., Arriaza, K., Alam, S. E., Pérez, P., & Pena, E. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27146349
“Serotonin is converted into melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep–wake cycle and also influences appetite, gastrointestinal motility, sexual behavior, pain, and, certainly, thermoregulation [162].”
Baldini, V., Martinelli, G., Ronchi, D. D., & Macchiarulo, M. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2730471
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, S. N., & Leyton, M.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Simon N.
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 857-865
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1934200177
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- serotonin, tryptophan, acute tryptophan depletion, mood, aggression, irritability, depression, social interaction, impulse control disorders, serotonin synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Serotonin, Tryptophan, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
