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The role of serotonin in human mood and social interaction
Abstract
Alterations in brain tryptophan levels cause changes in brain serotonin synthesis, and this has been used to study the implication of altered serotonin levels in humans. In the acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) technique, subjects ingest a mixture of amino acids devoid of tryptophan. This results in a transient decline in tissue tryptophan and in brain serotonin. ATD can result in lower mood and increase in irritability or aggressive responding. The magnitude of the effect varies greatly depending on the susceptibility of the subject to lowered mood or aggressivity. Unlike ATD, tryptophan can be given chronically. Tryptophan is an antidepressant in mild to moderate depression and a small body of data suggests that it can also decrease aggression. Preliminary data indicate that tryptophan also increases dominant behavior during social interactions. Overall, studies manipulating tryptophan levels support the idea that low serotonin can predispose subjects to mood and impulse control disorders. Higher levels of serotonin may help to promote more constructive social interactions by decreasing aggression and increasing dominance.
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“A substantial body of literature implicates 5-HT neurotransmission in social processing and behavior (e.g. Del-Ben et al. 2008; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
From Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward (2009) · cites this paper as Young and Leyton, 2002
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“All birds had access to drinking cups and one square feeding trough placed along”
BackgroundFlory, J. D., Manuck, S. B., Matthews, K. A., & Muldoon, M. F. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.06.010 · Cited by 82
Curran, H. V., Rees, H., Hoare, T., Hoshi, R., & Bond, A. J. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1713-6 · Cited by 81
“5-HT is thought to be involved in the modulation of a wide variety of functions, including the regulation of mood and aggression (Young and Leyton 2002).”
BackgroundPilot Study of the Tart Cherry Juice for the Treatment of Insomnia and Investigation of Mechanisms
Losso, J. N., Finley, J. W., Karki, N., Liu, A. G., Prudente, A. D., Tipton, R., Yu, Y., & Greenway, F. L. (2017) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000000584 · Cited by 82
Evers, E. A. T., van der Veen, F. M., van Deursen, J. A., Schmitt, J. A. J., Deutz, N. E. P., & Jolles, J. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0411-6 · Cited by 80
Social behaviour and mood in everyday life: the effects of tryptophan in quarrelsome individuals
Rot, M. A. H., Moskowitz, D. S., Pinard, G., & Young, S. N. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0629 · Cited by 80
“Tryptophan was chosen over other serotonin-enhancing drugs, because it has a relatively specific effect on brain serotonin,(39) it is a dietary component with few side effects and negligible toxic effects when given as a drug,(40) and in healthy people it has little if any effect on mood.(41)”
Self-citationMore Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Lyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721 · Cited by 77
“It is well known however, that serotonergic mechanisms are involved in mood states and cognitive styles (Meneses, 1999; Young and Leyton, 2002; Cowen and Sherwood, 2013); for example, the 5-HT2A receptor, which is the key receptor through which psychedelics elicit their signature effects (Glennon…”
BackgroundIslam, J., Shirakawa, H., Nguyen, T. K., Aso, H., & Komai, M. (2015) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2015.12.006 · Cited by 78
“The neurotransmitter activity of serotonin in the central nervous system affects appetite, sleep, anxiety, sexual behaviour, mood, and social interactions (Tecott et al., 1995; Leonard, 1996; Loer and Kenyon, 1993; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundSolvang, S.-E. H., Nordrehaug, J. E., Tell, G. S., Nygard, O. K., McCann, A., Ueland, P. M., Midttun, Ø., Meyer, K., Vedeler, C. A., Aarsland, D., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.003 · Cited by 78
Hormonal imprinting: phylogeny, ontogeny, diseases and possible role in present‐day human evolution
Csaba, G. (2007) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.1412 · Cited by 71
Nod-like receptors are critical for gut-brain axis signalling in mice
Pusceddu, M. M., Barboza, M., Keogh, C. E., Schneider, M., Stokes, P., Sladek, J. A., Kim, H. J. D., Torres‐Fuentes, C., Goldfild, L. R., Gillis, S. E., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278640 · Cited by 69
“Furthermore, given that reduced serum Trp levels correlate with alterations in mood and cognition (Young & Leyton, 2002; Toker et al. 2010), serum and hippocampal Trp concentrations were assessed by LC/MS. Lower free Trp levels were found in serum of both NodDKO(–”
BackgroundHoepner, C. T., McIntyre, R. S., & Papakostas, G. I. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030767 · Cited by 76
Sakai, Y., Nishikawa, M., Leyton, M., Benkelfat, C., Young, S., & Diksic, M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.004 · Cited by 67
Self-citationHaynes, E. N., Chen, A., Ryan, P., Succop, P., Wright, J., & Dietrich, K. N. (2011) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.08.008 · Cited by 71
“…brain serotonin and dopamine, both of which are associated with impulse control and planning (Kimura et al., 1978; Masters et al., 1998); low levels of brain serotonin are associated with disturbances in mood, poor impulse control and aggressive behavior (Retz et al., 2004; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood
Mantantzis, K., Schlaghecken, F., Sünram-Lea, S. I., & Maylor, E. A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016 · Cited by 67
“However, restoring tryptophan levels has been shown to have antidepressant qualities and can reduce levels of aggression in human volunteers (for reviews, see Jenkins et al., 2016; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundMai, T., Fatheree, N. Y., Gleason, W. A., Liu, Y., & Rhoads, J. M. (2018) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.008 · Cited by 67
Kim, B. S., Lee, J., Bang, M., Seo, B. A., Khalid, A., Jung, M. W., & Jeon, D. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3581-7 · Cited by 65
Fusar‐Poli, P., Allen, P., McGuire, P. K., Placentino, A., Cortesi, M., & Pérez, J. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0493-1 · Cited by 70
“A similar effect upon mood has been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (Young and Leyton 2002).”
BackgroundCawley, E., Park, S., aan het Rot, M., Sancton, K., Benkelfat, C., Young, S., Boivin, D., & Leyton, M. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120181 · Cited by 61
“The study was carried out on women, as some depletion studies found women were more susceptible to mood-lowering effects than men.(16) Participants were recruited using advertisements asking for women who felt less energetic in winter than in summer.”
ResultSelf-citationAit‐Daoud, N., Seneviratne, C., Smith, J. B., Roache, J. D., Dawes, M. A., Liu, L., Wang, X., & Johnson, B. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00006 · Cited by 64
Karimi-Harandi, M.-H., Shabani‐Nooshabadi, M., & Darabi, R. (2022) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2022.339662 · Cited by 64
Weeks, B. S. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 64
Bambico, F. R., Hattan, P. R., Garant, J.-P., & Gobbi, G. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.006 · Cited by 61
“…depletion precipitates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in animals (Blokland et al., 2002) and mood-lowering effects in humans (for review, Young and Leyton, 2002), exacerbates anxiogenic responses in human subjects (Miller et al., 2000), and triggers relapse in depressive patients (for…”
BackgroundMerens, W., Booij, L., Markus, R., Zitman, F. G., Onkenhout, W., & van der Does, W. A. J. (2005) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20051492 · Cited by 59
The dopamine augmenter L-DOPA does not affect positive mood in healthy human volunteers.
Liggins, J., Pihl, R. O., Benkelfat, C., & Leyton, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028370 · Cited by 58
Self-citationVahid-Ansari, F., Zhang, M., Zahrai, A., & Albert, P. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00404 · Cited by 59
“Acute tryptophan depletion to acutely reduce 5-HT, also supports a role for decreased 5-HT in depression, or at least in the relapse of recovered depressed patients (Leyton et al., 1997; Delgado et al., 1999; Young and Leyton, 2002; Jans et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Embodied and Situated Nature of Moods
Colombetti, G. (2017) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0 · Cited by 63
“For example, dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline appear to play a role in keeping our mood elevated, and they are all present in significantly lower levels in depressed individuals (e.g., Diehl and Gershon 1992; Young and Leyton 2002; Palazidou 2012; Singh 2014; Jenkins et al. 2016).”
BackgroundJenny, M., Santer, E., Pirich, E., Schennach, H., & Fuchs, D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.12.004 · Cited by 55
Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine and Associated Smoking Behaviors
Tanner, J., Chenoweth, M. J., & Tyndale, R. F. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_3 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, S. N., & Leyton, M.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Simon N.
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 857-865
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1934200177
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- serotonin, tryptophan, acute tryptophan depletion, mood, aggression, irritability, depression, social interaction, impulse control disorders, serotonin synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Serotonin, Tryptophan, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
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