Observational versus randomised trial evidence
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In observational studies, the key source of confounding is unmeasured or poorly measured confounders.
“In observational studies, the key source of confounding will be unmeasured or poorly measured confounders.19,20”
From Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cites
Khaw, K., Bingham, S. A., Welch, A. A., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., Oakes, S., & Day, N. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04128-3 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Lawlor, D. A., Bedford, C., Taylor, M., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.2.134 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationPostmenopausal Estrogen Use and Heart Disease
(1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198607103150213 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Plasma vitamin C: what does it measure?
Ness, A., Khaw, K., Bingham, S. A., & Day, N. (1999) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980099000063 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., & Davey Smith, G. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw314 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, G. D., Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R., Timpson, N., Day, I., & Ebrahim, S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040352 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Self-citationCommentary: Should we always deliberately be non-representative?
Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt105 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationProspective Study of Dietary Patterns and Persistent Cough with Phlegm among Chinese Singaporeans
Butler, L. M., Koh, W., Lee, H.-P., Tseng, M., Yu, M. C., & London, S. J. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200506-901oc · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Epidemiology: a science for justice in health†
Saracci, R. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Observation versus intervention in the evaluation of drugs: the story of hormone replacement therapy
Costagliola, D. G. (2007) · Comptes Rendus Biologies · doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Tilling, K., & Ebrahim, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 9436
- Pages
- 754-755
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W1567776151
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2016: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- vitamin C, plasma ascorbic acid, coronary heart disease mortality, fruit and vegetable intake, EPIC-Norfolk study, Heart Protection Study, vitamin supplementation, cardiovascular risk factors
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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