Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*

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The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers

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How independent are “independent” effects? relative risk estimation when correlated exposures are measured imprecisely

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Commentary: Can adult anthropometry be used as a ‘biomarker’ for prenatal and childhood exposures?

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Life-Course Socioeconomic and Behavioral Influences on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The Collaborative Study

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Can the “Specificity” of an Association be Rehabilitated as a Basis for Supporting a Causal Hypothesis?

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Postmenopausal Estrogen Use and Heart Disease

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Reflections on the limitations to epidemiology

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The design of prospective epidemiological studies: More subjects or better measurements?

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Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

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Untitled work

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Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

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Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology

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Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1): Figure 1

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Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy

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Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration.

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Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials

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Oxidative stress and cancer: Have we moved forward?

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Measuring socioeconomic position in health research

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A pragmatic view on pragmatic trials

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Vitamin D and Calcium Intake in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes in Women

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Vitamin D Insufficiency

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The Impact of Residual and Unmeasured Confounding in Epidemiologic Studies: A Simulation Study

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Selenium for preventing cancer

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Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 2)

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Clustered environments and randomized genes: a fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology

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Dietary polyphenols: Good, bad, or indifferent for your health?

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What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures?

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Obesity-Associated Oxidative Stress: Strategies Finalized to Improve Redox State

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Relative Citation Impact of Various Study Designs in the Health Sciences

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Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data

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Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

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Is oxidative stress a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?

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Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology?

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Review: Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer—Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

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What are the causal effects of breastfeeding on IQ, obesity and blood pressure? Evidence from comparing high-income with middle-income cohorts

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A life-course approach to the aetiology of late-onset dementias

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Plasma Vitamin C Level, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and the Risk of New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer–Norfolk Prospective Study

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Dietary Fruits and Vegetables and Cardiovascular Diseases Risk

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Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean to Low-Fat Diets for Modification of Cardiovascular Risk Factors

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Invited Commentary: Variable Selection versus Shrinkage in the Control of Multiple Confounders

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Dietary patterns and 15-y risks of major coronary events, diabetes, and mortality

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Low Maternal Vitamin E Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Asthma in 5-Year-Old Children

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Folic Acid Supplements in Pregnancy and Severe Language Delay in Children

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Fruits, vegetables and coronary heart disease

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Assessing Intrauterine Influences on Offspring Health Outcomes: Can Epidemiological Studies Yield Robust Findings?

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Antioxidant Intake in Pregnancy in Relation to Wheeze and Eczema in the First Two Years of Life

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The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms

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Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review

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The Worldwide Challenge of the Dementias: A Role for B Vitamins and Homocysteine?

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Nutrition and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

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Association of C-Reactive Protein With Blood Pressure and Hypertension

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Potential New Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke

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Causal Inference in Cancer Epidemiology: What Is the Role of Mendelian Randomization?

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Lower-Energy-Density Diets Are Associated with Higher Monetary Costs per Kilocalorie and Are Consumed by Women of Higher Socioeconomic Status

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Serum cholesterol, haemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction: Korean national health system prospective cohort study

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Impaired Diurnal Blood Pressure Variation and All-cause Mortality

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Cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in adults allocated to metformin: systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

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Diet and Asthma: Nutrition Implications from Prevention to Treatment

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Fruit and Vegetables Consumption and Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

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Common Methods for Performing Mendelian Randomization

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The relationship of dietary patterns with adult lung function and COPD

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Dietary Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Improves Microvascular Function in Hypertensive Subjects in a Dose-Dependent Manner

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Life Course Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Depression

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Pooling fMRI data: meta-analysis, mega-analysis and multi-center studies

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Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms

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Selenium for preventing cancer

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Challenges in Systematic Reviews That Assess Treatment Harms

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Accuracy of adults’ recall of childhood social class: findings from the Aberdeen children of the 1950s study

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Plasma Vitamin C and Type 2 Diabetes: Genome-Wide Association Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis in European Populations

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In Search of Fewer Independent Risk Factors

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Approaches for drawing causal inferences from epidemiological birth cohorts: A review

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Use of genetic markers and gene-diet interactions for interrogating population-level causal influences of diet on health

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Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies

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The scandal of poor epidemiological research: ***

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Evolution and Translation of Research Findings: From Bench to Where

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Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Eye Diseases: Evidence from Epidemiological Studies on Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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TAS2R38 (phenylthiocarbamide) haplotypes, coronary heart disease traits, and eating behavior in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study

Timpson, N. J., Christensen, M. B., Lawlor, D. A., Gaunt, T. R., Day, I. N. M., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Long-term effects of neighbourhood deprivation on diabetes risk: quasi-experimental evidence from a refugee dispersal policy in Sweden

White, J. S., Hamad, R., Li, X., Basu, S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30009-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

B-Vitamins and Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: A Systematic Review

Dangour, A. D., Whitehouse, P. J., Rafferty, K., Mitchell, S., Smith, L. A., Hawkesworth, S., & Vellas, B. J. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-090940 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnancy on child development and other clinical outcomes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Zhou, S. J., Anderson, A. J., Gibson, R. A., & Makrides, M. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.065854 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer–Norfolk prospective population study

Myint, P. K., Luben, R., Welch, A. A., Bingham, S. A., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.64 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Maternal smoking and child psychological problems: disentangling causal and noncausal effects

Brion, M.-J., Victora, C., Matijasevich, A., Horta, B., Anselmi, L., Steer, C., Menezes, A. M. B., Lawlor, D. A., & Davey Smith, G. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2754 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Genetics: Implications for Prevention and Management of Coronary Artery Disease

Assimes, T. L., & Roberts, R. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.039 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Strengthening causal inference in cardiovascular epidemiology through Mendelian randomization

Smith, G. D., Timpson, N. J., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2008) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890802010709 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Plasma carotene and α-tocopherol in relation to 10-y all-cause and cause-specific mortality in European elderly: the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA)

Buijsse, B., Feskens, E. J. M., Schlettwein-Gsell, D., Ferry, M., Kok, F. J., Kromhout, D., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.4.879 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Associations between dietary methods and biomarkers, and between fruits and vegetables and risk of ischaemic heart disease, in the EPIC Norfolk Cohort Study

Bingham, S. A., Luben, R., Welch, A. A., Low, Y. L., Khaw, K., Wareham, N. J., & Day, N. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn111 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Commentary: The hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: is this the death of observational epidemiology?

Lawlor, D. A. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh124 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Nutrition and the risk of stroke

Hankey, G. J. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70265-4 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Correlation without a cause: an epidemiological odyssey

Smith, G. D., & Phillips, A. N. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Genetic variation at the SLC23A1 locus is associated with circulating concentrations of l-ascorbic acid (vitamin C): evidence from 5 independent studies with >15,000 participants

Timpson, N. J., Forouhi, N. G., Brion, M.-J., Harbord, R. M., Cook, D. G., Johnson, P., McConnachie, A., Morris, R. W., Rodriguez, S., Luan, J., et al. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29438 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Offspring Birth Weight and Parental Mortality: Prospective Observational Study and Meta-Analysis

Smith, G. D., Hyppönen, E., Power, C., & Lawlor, D. A. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm054 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Selenium for preventing cancer

Dennert, G., Zwahlen, M., Brinkman, M. T., Vinceti, M., Zeegers, M. P., & Horneber, M. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005195.pub2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Norfolk prospective study

Pfister, R., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K. (2011) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.05.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Sensitivity Analysis for Inverse Probability Weighting Estimators via the Percentile Bootstrap

Zhao, Q., Small, D. S., & Bhattacharya, B. B. (2019) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/rssb.12327 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Adverse socioeconomic position across the lifecourse increases coronary heart disease risk cumulatively: findings from the British women’s heart and health study

Lawlor, D. A., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029991 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Prospective Study of Dietary Patterns and Persistent Cough with Phlegm among Chinese Singaporeans

Butler, L. M., Koh, W., Lee, H.-P., Tseng, M., Yu, M. C., & London, S. J. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200506-901oc · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Beyond randomised versus observational studies

Concato, J., & Horwitz, R. I. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16285-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works

Observational versus randomised trial evidence

Khaw, K., Day, N. E., Bingham, S. A., & Wareham, N. J. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16924-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Antioxidant Vitamins and Cardiovascular Disease: Randomized Trials Fail to Fulfill the Promises of Observational Epidemiology

Hollar, D., & Hennekens, C. H. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-29553-4_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

No CV Benefit from Vitamin and Antioxidant Supplements

Mueller, P. S., & FACP., F. (2013) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw201302140000004

Antioxidant Vitamins and Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from Observational Epidemiologic Studies and Randomized Trials

Christen, W. G., & Hennekens, C. H. (2000) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4375-2_9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works