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Effects of dietary glycaemic index on adiposity, glucose homoeostasis, and plasma lipids in animals
Abstract
Background Clinical studies suggest a role for dietary glycaemic index (GI) in bodyweight regulation and diabetes risk. However, partly because manipulation of GI can produce changes in potentially confounding dietary factors such as fibre content, palatability, and energy density, its relevance to human health remains controversial. This study examined the independent effects of GI in animals.Methods Partially pancreatectomised male Sprague-Dawley rats were given diets with identical nutrients, except for the type of starch: high-GI (n=11) or low-GI (n=10). The animals were fed in a controlled way to maintain the same mean bodyweight in the two groups for 18 weeks. Further experiments examined the effects of GI in rats in a cross-over design and C57BL/6J mice in a parallel design.Findings Despite having similar mean bodyweight (547.9 [SE 13.4] vs 549.2 [15.2] g), rats given high-GI food had more body fat (97.8 [13.6] vs 57.3 [7.2] g; p=0.0152) and less lean body mass (450.1 [9.6] vs 491.9 [11.7] g; p=0.0120) than those given low-GI food. The high-GI group also had greater increases over time in the areas under the curve for blood glucose and plasma insulin after oral glucose, lower plasma adiponectin concentrations, higher plasma triglyceride concentrations, and severe disruption of islet-cell architecture. Mice on the high-GI diet had almost twice the body fat of those on the low-GI diet after 9 weeks.Interpretation These findings provide a mechanistic basis for interpretation of studies of GI in human beings.Relevance to practice The term GI describes how a food, meal, or diet affects blood sugar during the postprandial period. GI as an independent factor can cause obesity and increase risks of diabetes and heart disease in animals. Use of low-GI diets in prevention and treatment of human disease merits thorough examination.
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“In animals, high- compared with low-GI diets increase adiposity independently of energy intake, in association with lower physical activity level (45, 93–96).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [96]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, studies suggest a unique diet–phenotype interaction, in that individuals with high insulin secretion or other abnormalities of glucose homeostasis appear especially susceptible to adverse metabolic responses and weight gain when consuming a high-GL diet (96, 105–110).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [96]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pawlak, D. B., Kushner, J. A., & Ludwig, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ludwig, David S
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 9436
- Pages
- 778-785
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2074137713
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 24.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2t32hd007277-06, 5r01dk059240-04)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK059240)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD07277)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- adiposity, fat mass, lean body mass, glucose homeostasis, insulin response, adiponectin, plasma triglycerides, partial pancreatectomy, obesity, diabetes risk, heart disease risk, low glycemic index diet
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Body Weight, Dietary Carbohydrates, Glucose Tolerance Test, Homeostasis, Insulin, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Pancreatectomy, Proteins, Triglycerides, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Postprandial Period, Leptin, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Glycemic Index, Mice, Rats, Adiponectin
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