The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes
Open accessAbstract
The incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes has risen over the past 50 years. We compared the frequency of HLA class II haplotypes in 194 patients diagnosed more than 50 years ago and 582 age-matched and sex-matched individuals diagnosed between 1985 and 2002. The proportion of high-risk susceptibility genotypes was increased in the earlier cohort (p=0.003), especially in those diagnosed at age 5 years or younger, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the rise of type 1 diabetes is due to a major environmental effect.
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In the citing paper
“Finally, genetic predisposition seems to be less of a factor now than it was in the past as a prerequisite for developing type 1 diabetes.23,24”
From Type 1 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, they note recent studies17–19 demonstrate environmental factors have a stronger effect on individuals with lower risk genotypes as compared to those at higher risk genetically.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“A number of reports suggest a recent temporal trend of fewer high-risk HLA genotypes in youth diagnosed with T1D, suggesting an increased influence of environmental factors in the development of T1D during the past few decades19,44,45.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [19]
Citations
Cites
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Edwards, A. W. F., & Falconer, D. S. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529912 · Cited by 21,447
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P.B., S. (1963) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.0420547 · Cited by 1,053
The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century.
Gale, E. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3353 · Cited by 673
Self-citationthe FinnDiane Study Group, Hermann, R., Knip, M., Veijola, R., Simell, O., Laine, A.-P., Åkerblom, H. K., Groop, P.-H., Forsblom, C., Pettersson-Fernholm, K., et al. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1045-4 · Cited by 245
Gardner, S., Bingley, P. J., Sawtell, P., Weeks, S., & Gale, E. A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7110.713 · Cited by 240
Self-citationCharacteristics of Type 1 diabetes of over 50 years duration (the Golden Years Cohort)
Bain, S. C., Gill, G. V., Dyer, P., Jones, A. F., Murphy, M., Jones, K. E., Smyth, C., & Barnett, A. H. (2003) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.01029.x · Cited by 117
Self-citationHLA class II typing of whole genome amplified mouth swab DNA
Gillespie, K. M., Valovin, S. J., Saunby, J., Hunter, K. M. D., Savage, D. A., Middleton, D., Todd, J. A., Bingley, P. J., & Gale, E. (2000) · Tissue Antigens · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560607.x · Cited by 36
Self-citationHuman leucocyte antigen and insulin gene regions and nephropathy in Type I diabetes
Chowdhury, T. A., Dyer, P., Mijovic, C. H., Dunger, D. B., Barnett, A. H., & Bain, S. C. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051262 · Cited by 16
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Carré, A. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/28c85b2dz490az44c1zbbc4z061ea62b1e33
Mattila, M., Tapia, G., Størdal, K., Brantsæter, A. L., Virtanen, S. M., Lund‐Blix, N. A., Skrivarhaug, T., Segerstad, E. M. H. A., Stene, L. C., Kristi, H., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101431
Metadata
- Authors
- Gillespie, K. M., Bain, S. C., Barnett, A. H., Bingley, P. J., Christie, M. R., Gill, G. V., & Gale, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Heartlands Hospital (GB)
- King's College Hospital (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gale, Edwin AM
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 9446
- Pages
- 1699-1700
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2097150236
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Diabetes UK
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes in children, incidence trends, HLA class II haplotypes, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR, genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, age of onset, genetic epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Genotype, Haplotypes, HLA-DQ Antigens, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Risk, Incidence, Age of Onset, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, HLA-DRB1 Chains, HLA-DQ alpha-Chains, HLA-DQ beta-Chains
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