The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Therapist-delivered internet psychotherapy for depression in primary care: a randomised controlled trial
Abstract
Background Despite strong evidence for its effectiveness, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) remains difficult to access. Computerised programs have been developed to improve accessibility, but whether these interventions are responsive to individual needs is unknown. We investigated the effectiveness of CBT delivered online in real time by a therapist for patients with depression in primary care.Methods In this multicentre, randomised controlled trial, 297 individuals with a score of 14 or more on the Beck depression inventory (BDI) and a confirmed diagnosis of depression were recruited from 55 general practices in Bristol, London, and Warwickshire, UK. Participants were randomly assigned, by a computer-generated code, to online CBT in addition to usual care (intervention; n=149) or to usual care from their general practitioner while on an 8-month waiting list for online CBT (control; n=148). Participants, researchers involved in recruitment, and therapists were masked in advance to allocation. The primary outcome was recovery from depression (BDI score <10) at 4 months. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered, number ISRCTN 45444578.Findings 113 participants in the intervention group and 97 in the control group completed 4-month follow-up. 43 (38%) patients recovered from depression (BDI score <10) in the intervention group versus 23 (24%) in the control group at 4 months (odds ratio 2.39, 95% CI 1.23-4.67; p=0.011), and 46 (42%) versus 26 (26%) at 8 months (2.07, 1.11-3.87; p=0.023).Interpretation CBT seems to be effective when delivered online in real time by a therapist, with benefits maintained over 8 months. This method of delivery could broaden access to CBT.Funding BUPA Foundation.
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In the citing paper
“while internet treatment can be presented in real time [35], most treatment applications will not require that the work is performed at a particular time, and this is an advantage for both patients and clinicians.”
From The promise and pitfalls of the internet for cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Psychotherapy has also been provided effectively and with reasonable effect sizes via instant messaging (12).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Internet-enabled CBT has been shown to be clinically effective for the treatment of depression16 and is currently deployed within IAPT.”
From Quantifying the association between psychotherapy content and clinical outcomes using deep learning (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Ten therapist-delivered sessions of CBT over the internet were effective in reducing depression at 4 and 8 months (equivalent to our short-term measures).71”
In the citing paper
“The attrition rates in this study were equal or lower compared with several similar studies on guided Web-based interventions for depression with long-term follow-up assessments [67,73,74].”
From Long-Term Results of a Web-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Employees With Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“However, despite similar delivery context and study design, there are important differences between the therapist-supported intervention in the study by Kessler et al. [28] and the nonguided intervention in the study by de Graaf et al. [19].”
From Internet-based psychological treatments for depression (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
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Self-citationMetacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221
Cognitive Therapy vs Medications in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression
DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Young, P. R., Salomon, R. M., O’Reardon, J. P., Lovett, M. L., Gladis, M. M., Brown, L. L., et al. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.409 · Cited by 989
Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: randomised controlled trial
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- van Schaik, 2002, Effectiveness of psychotherapy for depressive disorder in primary care: a systematic review, Tijdschr Psychiatr, 44, 609
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1687 · Cited by 10,548
Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,442
“In other cases support was manualized in its delivery, and at times adherence measures were employed to map the adequate delivery of such support (e.g. Kessler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAndrews, G., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., & Titov, N. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013196 · Cited by 1,311
Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Riper, H., & Hedman, E. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20151 · Cited by 1,077
“Finally, there are real time chat-based Internet treatments in which no therapist time is saved (6).”
BackgroundInkster, B., Sarda, S., & Subramanian, V. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.12106 · Cited by 1,063
“We also compared between-group effect sizes from 2 other RCTs that compared a Web-based human therapy intervention for depression with a waiting list [44,45].”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, D., Lewis, G., Kaur, S., Wiles, N., King, M., Weich, S., Sharp, D. J., Araya, R., Hollinghurst, S., & Peters, T. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 9690
- Pages
- 628-634
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2130951278
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 28.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2007-25-001)
- Bupa Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- online therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, depression, primary care, access to mental health care, recovery from depression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, England, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Internet, International Classification of Diseases
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