The DOI matches its Crossref record; 184 of the 205 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 67 of the 324 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development
Open accessAbstract
The Lancet Commission articulates the role of law in advancing global health and sustainable development and identifies four legal determinants of health.
Overview
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
277 Own interpretation · 151 Sources not found · 98 No basis given · 44 No full text of the sources · 34 Couldn’t confirm · 14 Partly supported · 12 Not checked yet · 9 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“(ii) they have common underlying causes, such as dangerous pathogens, unhealthy behaviours, or unsafe environments;”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses transnational risks and political and social determinants of health, but it does not identify common underlying causes of global health hazards. Searches for pathogens, unhealthy behaviours, unsafe environments, and shared risk factors found no passage making the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Supportedcites [3] source
Section 3, “Stronger health systems and policies” (page not provided), identifies key risk factors associated with infections, non-communicable diseases, and injuries, including unsafe sex, tobacco use, poor sanitation, and unsafe roads. Section 5 also groups determinants of non-communicable diseases and injuries into behavioural and environmental risk factors. Together, these passages support the claim’s broad description of underlying health hazards. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Under-regulation of transnational activities and effects on health equity’ section describes environmental toxins as health hazards, supporting the unsafe-environments example. But ‘Market dominance’ calls biological and behavioural factors immediate causes of illness, while ‘Power asymmetries and competing norms’ places the root causes of avoidable health outcomes beyond the health sector. The paper does not present dangerous pathogens, unhealthy behaviours and unsafe environments together as common underlying causes of global health hazards. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Global health hazards nowadays share four important features: (i) health hazards are not bound by borders, ranging from infectious diseases, to non-communicable diseases, and injuries;”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes 21st-century risks as transnational and gives infectious diseases, including SARS and avian influenza, as examples. It does not substantiate the full stated range of hazards: the passages do not identify injuries, and they do not explicitly characterize non-communicable diseases as cross-border hazards. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [3] source
The Introduction describes infections, non-communicable diseases, and injuries as a global health burden. Section 7 calls for international collective action on all three, explicitly noting the international spread of infectious threats and the global spread of non-communicable disease risk factors. Together, these passages support the broad claim that these hazards are not confined by national borders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [4] source
The Abstract says globalisation increasingly links health inequity to transnational activities. The ‘Inadequate policy space for health’ section identifies non-communicable diseases alongside pandemics and violence as global health challenges, and ‘Acute effects of armed conflict on civilian morbidity and mortality’ explicitly includes injury. Together, these passages support the broad paraphrase; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“(iii) they are exacerbated by inequities linked to the socio-economic determinants of health;”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] source
The supplied Abstract passages link global health risks to political and social determinants of health and describe globalization as leaving the poorest and most vulnerable behind. The discussion of unequal access to education, health, medicines and surveillance in poor countries supports the claim as a broad paraphrase. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [3] source
The Abstract says income and education are social determinants that affect health through nutrition, sanitation, and other risk factors. The section “Three health challenges of the next 20 years” reports higher rates of avoidable disease and mortality among poorer and rural populations. Together, these passages support the claim; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [4] source
The Ilona Kickbusch section says the poorest groups bear the heaviest burden of health risks and disease, and links differences in health to socioeconomic inequality. It describes a gradient of worsening physical and mental health down the social ladder. No page number is supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“between 1999 and 2008 there were 674 612 actions for protection of constitutional rights in relation to health issues.70, 71”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 4) discusses constitutional review and rights generally, while the Results (p. 14) analyze cross-country measures of freedom. Searches for 674,612, Colombia, health-related rights actions, and 1999–2008 found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed count. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, studies show that for every dollar spent on key health services, the direct and indirect benefits would exceed costs by a factor of between 9 and 20, further showing the benefits that arise from investing in health.3”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The National opportunities and Costs and consequences of convergence sections report projected benefits exceeding costs by about 9-fold for low-income countries and about 20-fold for lower-middle-income countries. These are estimates for a specified scale-up of interventions toward convergence by 2035, conditional on targeting the right interventions and strengthening health systems—not a general return for every dollar spent on key health services. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Brazil's Constitution likewise recognises health as a social right.86, 143”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [143]Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s “Internal GHO policies” section discusses the WHO constitution and organizational human-rights policies, not Brazil’s Constitution. Searches for “Brazil” and for health as a social right in Brazil found no passage addressing the claimed constitutional provision; the available passages therefore do not verify it. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“As a result, law has been integral to many of the great public health successes of the past century, including motor vehicle safety, tobacco control, infectious diseases control, a safer food supply, workplace safety, and childhood vaccinations.200”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [200] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) compares legislation with voluntary salt-reduction targets in South Africa and the UK; the Conclusions say it remains unknown whether mandatory targets are more effective. Searches for the listed achievements and for law’s role in past public health successes found no passage addressing the historical claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite past successes, law remains underutilised as a tool for population health.207”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [207]Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Article and Conclusion (page numbers unavailable) say that more can be done to strengthen legal responses to obesity and call for a global legal framework. They do not establish that law remains underutilised across population health generally; the Conclusion also says earlier taxation and education did little to stem obesity, rather than describing past successes. (LLM, conf=0.81)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, in response to local efforts to implement SSB taxes within California (the largest state in the USA, with over 39 million residents), the beverage industry engaged in an aggressive and ultimately successful strategy to preempt local taxation authority.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [251] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The United States section discusses prevention of mental disorders, not beverage taxation. Searches for California, beverage-industry preemption, and sugar-sweetened beverage taxes found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Not matchedcites [252]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, compliance and enforcement challenges are only made more difficult in the presence of aggressive opposition from vested commercial interests.225”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [225] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper states that compliance and enforcement of road-safety laws in many low- and middle-income countries is poor (body text; page unavailable). It does not mention aggressive opposition from vested commercial interests or say that such opposition worsens those challenges; searches for that phrase and related terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 302
- It may state two separate claims as one. 197
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although many global health professionals will be familiar with legal measures as an emergency response to health crises, this is only one facet of law.5”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] source
The National legal infrastructure section states that emergency-response measures are only one facet of public health law, then describes its roles in health promotion and protection. This supports the citing sentence’s substantive point. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In adopting this definition, our report builds on the 2014 Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health (Lancet-Oslo Commission), which concluded that “we must no longer regard health only as a technical, biomedical issue, but acknowledge the need for global cross-sectoral action and justice in our efforts to address health inequality.”4”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Law and global health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The Abstract states the Commission’s message in nearly the same words: health should not be regarded only as a technical biomedical issue, and addressing health inequity requires global cross-sectoral action and justice. The Conclusion likewise describes health equity as a cross-sectoral political concern. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although previous decades have seen substantial reductions in major global risk factors such as unsafe sanitation, and malnutrition, new threats have emerged.1”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] source
The Abstract Findings report substantial declines in exposure to unsafe sanitation and childhood undernutrition-related risks from 1990 to 2015, alongside increases in high BMI, drug use, and occupational risks. The Discussion Conclusion likewise contrasts reductions in poor sanitation and undernutrition with increasing obesity, high fasting plasma glucose, and alcohol risks. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“(iv) they require a coordinated, multi-sectoral global response.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] source
The paper proposes a global health treaty for threats that nation states cannot tackle alone and says the response must be multi-actor (Abstract, passage 6). It also calls for global health governance to involve other sectors, including foreign policy (Abstract, passage 2). (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [3] source
Section 7 calls international collective action essential to meeting major health challenges. In “Opportunities for international collective action” (page unavailable), the paper calls for global mechanisms to contain infectious threats and describes international action on NCD and injury targets that cut across several sectors. Together, these support the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [4] source
In “Inadequate policy space for health,” the Commission identifies pandemics, climate change, violence, and humanitarian crises as health security threats that require engagement beyond health ministries and a coherent response. In “Harnessing the power of norms, knowledge, and responsive institutions,” it says cross-sectoral sources of health inequity demand cross-sectoral responses through international organisations and other actors. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This danger was realised in Colombia, where individuals bringing legal actions known as tutelas overwhelmed the public health system in the 1990s and 2000s, requiring a judicial ruling on the limits and definition of the right to health (panel 4 ).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (pp. 3–4) discusses judicial independence and constitutional review generally, while the Data section (p. 9) discusses disputes between citizens and the state. Searches for Colombia, tutelas, and health-related judicial rulings found no passage addressing the claimed events or their effect on the public health system. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, in Australia, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men born from 2010 to 2012, was 10·6 years lower than that of non-Indigenous men. The discrepancy for women was nearly as wide at 9·5 years.121”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [121] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses health inequalities between developed and developing countries, but does not give Australian Indigenous life-expectancy figures. Searches for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander life expectancy, Australia, and the 2010–2012 period found no passage addressing the claimed 10.6- or 9.5-year gaps. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2011, CEDAW heard the matter of Alyne da Silva Pimental Teixeira versus Brazil, which concerned human rights violations in the context of maternal mortality. CEDAW recommended reparations for the individual harmed, also recommending that Brazil reduce maternal mortality risks and discrimination against pregnant women. Brazil complied with both aspects of the decision.81”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These inequities occur both between countries (healthy life expectancy is 44·4 years in Sierra Leone, compared with 74·9 in Japan)119 and within countries (ethnicity, geography, and socio-economic status can greatly reduce the accessibility and quality of health care).120”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [119] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) calls for equitable access to health services beginning with the poorest, and Table 2 in Methods (page unavailable) includes recruiting health workers in rural areas. These passages are consistent with socioeconomic and geographic gaps in access, but the paper does not establish that ethnicity reduces access or that the listed factors greatly reduce quality of care. The between-country life-expectancy comparison has a separate citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not matchedcites [120]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With the UN General Assembly adopting the SDGs in September, 2015, UHC became a global target, which will be reinforced by the UN high-level meeting on UHC in 2019.130”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [130] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The International Health Financing Practices section says the draft SDGs prioritized health and describes a 2005 World Health Assembly resolution urging universal coverage. It does not say that the UN General Assembly’s September 2015 adoption made UHC an SDG target, or mention a 2019 UN high-level meeting on UHC. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The WHO views UHC as among its highest priorities.8, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] source
The section on universal health coverage says UHC has come to the forefront of WHO’s efforts to strengthen health systems. The ‘Contemporary threats to human rights in global health’ section also lists expanding UHC access as one of WHO’s three major strategic objectives. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [122]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nationally and globally, there exist profound differences in health outcomes, the socioeconomic determinants of health, and the availability and affordability of quality health services.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [118]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [119] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes gaps in access to essential services, financial hardship from health payments, and the importance of social determinants and equitable access for the poorest. The Methods and Results (pages unavailable) show differences among the low- and middle-income countries studied, but the paper does not establish the claimed differences within countries across all three dimensions, particularly in service quality. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The classic example is the checks and balances between the legislative, executive, and the judicial branches of government, which help prevent one branch from dominating.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [83] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Recommendation 4 discusses distributing emergency-declaration authority and protecting a WHO committee from political pressure, but it does not discuss checks and balances among branches of government. Searches for legislative, executive, and judicial branches and for separation of powers found no passage addressing the cited claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Governments can allocate more of their overall budget to health—for example, at least 5% of GDP.156, 157 Alternatively or in addition, they can find new ways to raise revenue, whether by improving general tax administration and collection, increasing existing taxes, or introducing new taxes.152”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [156]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [157]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [152] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The National Health Systems section calls for financing health-system capacities and setting targets for national and international contributions, but it gives no recommendation to allocate at least 5% of GDP to health. Searches for that figure and for domestic budget allocations found no supporting passage. The tax measures in the citing sentence carry a different citation (152), so they are not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Governments express genuine concerns about financing UHC.152”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [152] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The National Health Systems section says UHC is needed for resilient health systems, but its financing discussion concerns IHR core capacities, not governments’ concerns about paying for UHC. Searches for government concerns and financing UHC found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In its report about health systems financing, WHO noted, “all countries must make choices and trade-offs, particularly in the way that pooled funds are used”.152”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [152] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The National Health Systems section discusses financing pandemic-preparedness capacities, but does not report the quoted statement about countries making choices and trade-offs in using pooled funds. Searches for the quotation, health-systems financing, and pooled funds found no passage addressing that point in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moving closer to universal coverage means expanding the cube: extending coverage to more people, including the marginalised and vulnerable; offering more services to meet essential health needs; and paying a greater part of the cost, thereby protecting citizens from impoverishment.152”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [152] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The National Health Systems section (page unavailable) calls for inclusive universal health coverage that meets a broad range of health needs, supporting the claim’s general points about people and services. It does not describe expanding a UHC cube, increasing the share of costs covered, or protecting people from impoverishment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Furthermore, states parties are required to have, or develop, eight minimum core public health capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to specified health hazards: legislation and policy, coordination, surveillance, response, preparedness, risk communication, human resources, and laboratory.182 Each of these core capacities requires substantial resources and investment from national governments”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [182] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses surveillance, preparedness, risk communication, and government resources for resilience, but does not identify these as International Health Regulations requirements. Searches for the eight minimum core capacities and the claimed investment obligation found no passage addressing either point. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“As WHO has warned, “pooled funds will never be able to cover 100% of the population for 100% of the costs and 100% of needed services. Countries will still have to make hard choices about how best to use these funds”.152”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [152] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The National Health Systems section discusses financing pandemic-preparedness capacities and the need for universal health coverage, but not limits on pooled funds covering populations, costs, or services. Searches for the quoted 100% formulation and for pooled funds and hard choices found no passage addressing the attributed WHO warning. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In dispute resolution, parties may seek to use the fragmentation of international law to their advantage. States and other actors engage in so-called forum shopping (choosing the venue based on the outcome sought), leading to inconsistent standards.171, 172, 173”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [171]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [172] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The supplied passages and searches of our copy for forum shopping, fragmentation of international law, and dispute-resolution venues yielded no passage addressing the claim. The paper discusses priorities and interventions in public health law, not whether parties exploit fragmented international law to choose forums or produce inconsistent standards. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not matchedcites [173]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“emphasising that norms, policies, and practices arising from transnational interaction serve as political determinants of health that cause and perpetuate health inequities.4”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Governance challenges and the role of law
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Political determinants of health’ section defines these determinants as transnational norms, policies, and practices, and ‘Political determinants at work’ says some such rules and practices cause health inequities. But the paper also says political determinants are ‘neither inherently good nor bad’; the claim omits that qualification and implies they uniformly cause and perpetuate inequity. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The Commission noted that global governance for health requires a global economic and political system that is rooted in commitments to global solidarity and shared responsibility.4”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Governance challenges and the role of law
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Strengthen and transform mechanisms for global solidarity and shared responsibility” says that global governance for health must be rooted in commitments to solidarity and shared responsibility. It does not say that this requires a global economic and political system; that added requirement goes beyond the passage. (LLM, conf=0.81)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As reported by the Lancet-Oslo Commission, global health is characterised by imbalances in political power, leading to inequities in health.4”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The “Political determinants at work” section says that power asymmetries between actors with conflicting interests lead to political determinants that cause health inequities. This directly supports the citing sentence’s paraphrase; page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Other laws empower public health authorities, or even the public, to request an HIA,204 as evidence shows that HIAs can have a substantial positive effect on public policy.205, 206”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] source
- Could not verifycites [205] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion address Argentina’s sodium-reduction initiative and its effect on the policy process, not health impact assessments (HIAs). Searches for HIA, laws allowing requests for one, and HIAs’ effects on public policy found no passage addressing the attributed claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Could not verifycites [206] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion section on increased legislative initiatives addresses salt-reduction laws and food procurement policies, not health impact assessments (HIAs). Searches for HIA requests by public health authorities or the public, and for HIAs' effects on public policy, found no passage addressing either point in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Law can be used to implement fair, evidence-based health interventions, and can be a powerful tool for global health.3”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3, “Stronger health systems and policies” (page unavailable), identifies laws and regulations as tools for tackling health risks. “Regulation and legislation” and “National opportunities” (pages unavailable) give evidence-backed examples, including drink-driving laws and pesticide restrictions. The paper does not establish that the interventions implemented through law are fair; its discussion of equity is separate from these legal measures. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Although non-state actors can informally contribute to the Organization's work and attend governing body meetings, they are not permitted to engage in actual decision-making processes.192”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [192] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Methods section discusses the study sponsor’s role in the research, not participation in WHO governance. A search for non-state actors, governing body meetings, and decision-making found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2016, WHO member states negotiated a Framework for Engagement with Non-State Actors,192 which includes non-governmental organisations, private sector entities, philanthropic foundations, and academic institutions. The Framework guides and strengthens the ways in which WHO interacts and works with these entities, seeking to ensure “transparency, openness, inclusiveness, accountability, integrity”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [192] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses stroke prevention and care, while Methods > Role of the funding source addresses only this study’s sponsor (page numbers unavailable). Searches for the WHO Framework for Engagement with Non-State Actors and its listed entities and principles found no passage about the framework or how it guides WHO interactions. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“WHO itself suffers from so-called capture by its powerful member states and non-state actors, who fund almost 80% of its annual operating budget.194”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [194] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Summary and Conclusion (p. 327) concerns dietary sodium, potassium, and hypertension in rats. Searches for WHO capture, member-state and non-state funding, and the 80% budget figure found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The physiological requirement for salt is less than 1 gram per day,229 and WHO recommends less than 5 grams per day for adults.230”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [229] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion sections address motorcycle helmets and crash injuries, not dietary salt. Searches of our copy for the physiological salt requirement and the WHO recommendation found no passage addressing either figure. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [230] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“At the same time, only 30% of states parties had reported meeting the IHR requirements to develop core health system capacities,215 and states widely ignored WHO travel recommendations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [215] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation follows the claim that only 30% of states parties reported meeting IHR core-capacity requirements. Our copy’s Methods section discusses WHO data on physical inactivity, and its Results discuss disease burden; neither addresses IHR compliance. Searches for IHR core capacities, the 30% figure, Ebola, and WHO travel recommendations found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“WHO cites estimates that, over 10 years, a tax on sugary drinks of 1 cent per ounce in the USA would result in more than US$17 billion in health-care cost savings.249”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [249] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages on Improving Access to Psychological Therapies and the References section concern mental-health treatment in England, not sugary-drink taxes. Searches for a 1-cent-per-ounce tax and the projected US$17 billion in savings found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“High salt intake is estimated to be associated with nearly half of the disease burden ascribed to hypertension, a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality.226, 227, 228”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [226] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusion discuss road-traffic injuries and seat-belt use, not hypertension or salt intake. Searches for the claim’s distinctive wording and for sodium, hypertension, and disease burden found no passage addressing the attributed estimate; the Conclusion’s reference to 'about half' concerns deaths of front-seat occupants. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not matchedcites [227]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [228]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Despite considerable progress, the burden of infectious diseases remains unacceptably high, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, and among poor and rural populations.3”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] source
The Introduction describes recent progress but says some low-income and middle-income countries still face a heavy burden of infections. “Three health challenges of the next 20 years” reports higher rates of avoidable infectious diseases among rural and poor populations in those countries. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The unprecedented movement of people and goods around the globe is amplifying the spread of infectious diseases, as is climate change.216, 217”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [216] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages examine physical inactivity, obesity, and all-cause mortality in the EPIC cohort. Searches for movement of people and goods, infectious-disease spread, and climate change found no passage in our copy addressing the cited claim; the passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not matchedcites [217]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Even a modest increase in physical activity could have significant health benefits: a brisk 20 minute walk each day could be enough to reduce an individual's risk of early death.257”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [257] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion address abortion incidence and reproductive health, not the effects of walking on mortality. Searches for a brisk 20-minute walk and for physical activity, walking, and premature death found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.79)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Multiple studies (in addition to those in Mexico and Berkeley) found that SSB taxes lead to moderate reductions in consumption, which could support positive downstream health outcomes.249”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [249] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text discusses access to psychological therapies in England, and its References section concerns mental-health research (page numbers unavailable). Searches for SSB taxes, reduced consumption, Mexico, Berkeley, and downstream health outcomes found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“WHO estimates that non-communicable diseases cause 40 million deaths annually, amounting to 70% of all deaths globally.218”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [218] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports 5.3 million deaths per year associated with physical inactivity, not total deaths from non-communicable diseases. Searches for the WHO estimate, 40 million deaths, and 70% of global deaths found no passage in our copy stating those figures. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Yet, in 2010, the global mean salt intake was twice this level, or 10 grams per person per day.231”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [231] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Roadside observations sections concern motorcycle helmet use in Viet Nam, not dietary salt. Searches for global salt intake, sodium consumption, and a WHO-recommended daily level found no passage addressing the 2010 estimate or the comparison. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, WHO cites estimates that an SSB tax of ¥1 (US$0·16) per litre in China would generate an estimated ¥73·6 billion (US$11·8 billion) in revenue.249”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [249] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage on the IAPT programme (p. 637) discusses tax-funded psychological therapy in England, not a beverage tax in China. Searches for the ¥1-per-litre tax and ¥73.6 billion revenue estimate found no passage addressing either figure in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among people aged 15–29 years.264, 265”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [264] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Overview and its section on armed conflicts and forced displacement discuss tuberculosis risk and mortality, not road traffic injuries. Searches for road traffic deaths and mortality among people aged 15–29 found no passage addressing the claim in our full-text copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [265] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages from section 3.1 concern surveillance of communicable diseases in Syria, not causes of death among people aged 15–29. Searches for road traffic injuries, accidents, and mortality in that age group found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Helmet laws have been proven to be highly effective, reducing the risk of head injuries by 69% and the risk of death by 37%.271”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [271] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s discussion of the proposed Framework Convention on Global Health (pp. 1–2) does not address helmet laws or their effectiveness. Searches for helmet laws, head injuries, road traffic injuries, and the 69% and 37% figures found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The latter includes connected networks of well trained professionals—legal and non-legal—who share information and strategies, and who provide technical legal assistance.16”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > How do we define legal capacity?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Public Health Law Practice section describes lawyers at public health law organizations providing technical assistance, legal information, training, and strategic consultation. The Introduction also describes a network created to provide legal technical assistance. Neither passage establishes that the workforce consists of connected networks of well-trained legal and non-legal professionals who share information and strategies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Specific public health laws include “laws that are intended as health interventions, laws that define the powers, duties and boundaries of health agencies and systems, and laws that have an impact on health but were not enacted primarily with population health in mind”.5”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] source
The National legal infrastructure section (page not provided) gives the same three-part definition of public health law. The citing sentence closely follows that passage. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Universities, which have played an important role in the expansion of global health as a discipline,6 can help to build such a workforce by offering health training to legal graduates, and legal training to health professionals.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [6] source
Citation 6 is attached to the statement that universities have contributed to the expansion of global health as a discipline, not to the proposed legal and health training. In the opening passage of “Towards a common definition of global health” (page unavailable), the paper describes student and faculty interest and the establishment or restructuring of academic programmes, supporting that background statement. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
In the paper
“The Colombian Constitutional Court subsequently issued a sweeping decision to improve the equity and oversight of the health system and stem the tide of litigation.73”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, only three countries have formally agreed to be bound by this arbitration, and the mechanism has never been used.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The IHR (2005), the WHO treaty aimed at global health security, include a dispute settlement process between state parties (Article 56), which is voluntary. State parties should first seek to resolve the dispute through negotiation or mediation, after which the matter might be referred to the Director-General. However, this voluntary dispute settlement system has never been used.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ICSID arbitration panel ruled decisively in Uruguay's favour in July, 2016, requiring Philip Morris to pay the costs of the defendant and the court.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Legal determinant 3 states that law can implement fair, evidence-based health interventions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
direct- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laws that stigmatise or discriminate against marginalised populations are especially harmful and exacerbate health disparities.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
direct- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence-based laws, effectively implemented and fairly enforced, can create the conditions for good health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
direct- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No government acting alone can achieve health with justice.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Health risks in the 21st century cannot be controlled by any single government acting alone.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps most importantly, soft rules can be adopted into domestic law through a nationally sanctioned process (eg, through legislative or judicial decrees).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > What is law? How is it created, implemented, and enforced?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, law can be used to lay the foundations for Universal Health Coverage (UHC), which is a crucial element of sustainable development.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The right to health, a legally binding norm, provides a foundation for advancing global health with justice and should underpin health-related legal reforms.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between soft rules and hard law is fluid. Soft rules can form a basis for the development of formal international law, or international governments could adopt non-binding standards into their legal instruments.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > What is law? How is it created, implemented, and enforced?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, innovative legal and governance strategies can foster state compliance and strengthen existing international rules.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the ability to effect real change at the population level, we argue, law should be considered among the key tools of the global health community.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Achieving global health with justice will require international and interdisciplinary cooperation, as well as leadership at all levels.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health in the 21st century is being shaped by rapid globalisation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law can be used to structure and clarify the complex web of institutions, norms, and processes that govern global health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Countries have discretion to select which soft rules to adopt domestically.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > What is law? How is it created, implemented, and enforced?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although law has been central to major public health achievements in the past, its capacity to advance global health with justice remains substantially underutilised, particularly among professionals in the fields of health and science.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, laws that are poorly designed, implemented, or enforced can harm marginalised populations and entrench stigma and discrimination.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, where the mandates of global health actors overlap, conflict, or leave gaps, law can harmonise mandates and provide mechanisms to promote cooperation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Global health is infused by the value of social justice, aiming to address gaping health disparities within and among countries.7”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Law and global health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understanding these forces, and how to harness them, will be vital to improving population health in the 21st century.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although law has been central to major public health achievements in the past, its capacity to advance global health with justice remains substantially underutilised, particularly among professionals in the fields of health and science.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of a sovereign authority and a clear hierarchy of norms and rules, international law faces multiple governance challenges, including ensuring efficient implementation and compliance (see section 3).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > What is law? How is it created, implemented, and enforced?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: There is no distinct international sovereign authority and no global government steering international relations and transnational cooperation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By embedding equity and accountability in all health systems, the law and the rule of law can achieve health coverage that is truly universal—delivering the Sustainable Development Goals' promise to leave no one behind.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, although not legally binding, these instruments can have practical effects comparable to those of binding law, and are especially important to benchmarking, monitoring, and transparency.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > What is law? How is it created, implemented, and enforced?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: UN and WHO resolutions usually do not create binding legal obligations for member states.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, too often, countries lack either the basic legal infrastructure or the capacity to build it.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the ability to enforce compliance with international legal obligations is generally limited, and largely dependent on power dynamics and political will, creative mechanisms can foster compliance and help establish impetus for action.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even less visible are those uses of law that, while not necessarily designed to affect health, have a profound impact upon it.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unprecedented movement of people, money, technology, and ideas around the world is changing the profile of health and disease.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Legal determinant 1 states that law can translate vision into action on sustainable development.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, law can increase transparency, openness, inclusiveness, and accountability.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law offers the mechanisms, frameworks, and accountability measures to achieve this vision.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From tobacco control, non-communicable diseases, and road safety, to health emergencies, law can implement fair, evidence-based interventions to save lives.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law can address the pressing health concerns of the 21st century, across diverse areas. From tobacco control, non-communicable diseases, and road safety, to health emergencies, law can implement fair, evidence-based interventions to save lives.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Globalisation has heightened risks to our health, but it also presents unprecedented opportunities to confront global health threats collaboratively, drawing on expertise and lessons learned within and among nation states.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law affects global health in multiple ways, by structuring, perpetuating, and mediating the social determinants of health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Well designed laws can help build strong health systems, ensure safe and nutritious foods, evaluate and approve safe and effective drugs and vaccines, create healthier and safer workplaces, and improve the built and natural environments.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A crucial element of that response will be the strategic use of law at all levels—local, national, and international—resting on stronger cooperation between the legal and health professions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the ability to enforce compliance with international legal obligations is generally limited, and largely dependent on power dynamics and political will, creative mechanisms can foster compliance and help establish impetus for action.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strong legal capacities are a key determinant of progress towards global health and sustainable development.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our report is structured around four legal determinants of health, each of which powerfully affects health outcomes.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less well understood is the role of law in governing global health institutions, in resolving disputes, and in health promotion and protection.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also show how laws that are not informed by evidence and human rights could instead undermine health and justice, entrenching inequality and discrimination.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Every human being has a right to affordable, high quality health services.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law can be a powerful tool for advancing global health, yet it remains substantially underutilised and poorly understood.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The right to health, a legally binding norm, provides a foundation for advancing global health with justice and should underpin health-related legal reforms.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just as the interdependence of states and people heightens health risks, it also presents unprecedented opportunities to confront global health threats collaboratively, drawing on expertise and lessons learned within and among nation states.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Introduction > Health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In making these recommendations, we acknowledge that law reform is a complex and drawn-out process, presenting both technical and political challenges.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Executive Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Governments in virtually every legal system have both the authority and the duty to safeguard the health of the population.15”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditionally, states do not have duties toward individuals in other jurisdictions. However, humanitarian law, human rights law, and WHO treaties can imply or even explicitly prescribe transnational obligations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second crucial function of law is as a tool to resolve disputes between individuals, organisations, and governments.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“WHO oversees three major international legal instruments,39 to which we refer throughout this report. The first is The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), an international treaty and thus legally binding; the IHR, another legally binding treaty; and The PIP Framework, which is not a formal treaty.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco litigation has had enduring effects on public health. The litigation exposed the unethical behaviour of industry executives, informed the public of the devastating dangers of tobacco smoke, and secured industry funds for health promotion.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Venezuelan Supreme Court (1999) required the State to provide HIV treatment and to develop social awareness campaigns.61”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Worldwide, approximately 70 million people live with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.43”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To fully realise the right to health, governments must implement measures through domestic law and regulation (panel 3 ).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although dispute resolution typically involves specific parties, the outcomes can reach well beyond these parties.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Law has numerous functions, many of which directly or indirectly affect health. By “functions of law”, we mean how the law shapes societal interactions.34 The Commission chose to focus on three crucial functions. Law can be used to establish standards and norms that guide conduct, resolve disputes, and govern public and private institutions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Domestic law can also provide greater precision than that which is expressed in expansive legal instruments.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“if health-related rights are treated as unconditional and not limited by resource capacity, this can put an unsustainable burden on public insurers and undermine the ability to [act] as wise stewards of public resources through negotiating prices or resisting patent extensions and so forth”.68”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under international law, the Siracusa Principles are persuasive but non-binding, meaning that states should strongly consider but are not legally required to follow them.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1985 guide states in striking the delicate balance between protecting liberties and securing population health.32”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 2000, the Argentine Supreme Court found that the “right to health falls within the right to life…the first natural right of the individual”, and directed the government to provide HIV treatment.62”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, public policy requires balancing competing interests, and courts are generally not well suited to such determinations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the ICESCR and General Comment no 14, the right to health is a “fundamental human right indispensable for the exercise of other human rights”, and “every human is entitled to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health conducive to living a life in dignity”.29”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) from 1966 contains the foundational expression of the right to health.26”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While acknowledging these weaknesses, and others, we believe that well targeted strategic litigation—eg, proceedings that seek systematic change and remedies that extend far beyond the individual litigants—can be effective in advancing public health, complementing other approaches.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Litigation is time-consuming, expensive, and technical, with unpredictable outcomes.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Governments fulfil this duty principally by developing and enforcing rules and standards that structure the physical and social environment, guiding behaviour of individuals and the conduct of organisations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“International law also sets norms and standards that have a direct or indirect effect on health and safety, and with which states should, or must, comply.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finding a balance between protecting liberties and securing population health is an enduring theme in public health law and ethics.31”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indirect regulation through the tort system such as product liability and tobacco litigation creates disincentives for businesses that make and sell unsafe or hazardous consumer products.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Restrictions might be justifiable when they are in accordance with the law; based on a legitimate objective; strictly necessary in a democratic society; the least restrictive and intrusive means available; and not arbitrary, unreasonable, or discriminatory.33”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When courts override careful policy assessments by the legislature, they might divert resources for health that could otherwise have been used for more cost-effective interventions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the last decade, the development of direct-acting antivirals has provided an effective cure in the form of oral, well tolerated treatment regimens for people with chronic hepatitis C virus infection; cure rates of over 95% have been achieved with direct-acting antiviral regimens.44”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The long-term effects of litigation on equity and justice are not yet clear,64 and are dependent on context.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The net effect of this global patchwork of patent laws and policies is, on the one hand, a steep price cut in low-income and middle-income countries, and, on the other hand, a slowly declining price trend in upper middle-income and high-income countries.46”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“States could also use inward-facing regulation to improve the machinery of government.35”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, states retain sovereignty in deciding whether to ratify the treaty and in how they incorporate its requirements into their domestic law.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“National constitutions typically empower governments to safeguard the public's health and might also allocate responsibilities between states or provinces and the federal government, and between legislatures, agencies, and courts.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Full conformance often requires states to translate international norms and standards into national legislation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inward-facing regulation can also improve the delivery of health goods and services by ensuring a strong, well-funded health system.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many international rules were not created for a health purpose but have a profound impact on health. International trade rules (including intellectual property agreements), have far-reaching consequences for health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nation states derive their authority through the concept of sovereignty: sovereign governments have sole authority to make laws and regulations regarding the public's health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Failing to strike an appropriate balance might result in disproportionate personal burdens, especially on marginalised populations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevirapine halves perinatal HIV transmission rates.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In countries where patents are not filed or granted, local production or importation of generics is possible, and the competition from these generics, in turn, drops the price and increases access to the drug.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When states act to ensure the public's health and safety, they can impose restrictions on private interests.30 Public health interventions can constrain personal autonomy, privacy, or liberty, and can limit businesses' economic freedom.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In domestic law, the first duty of sovereign states is to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the population.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, often, no conflict exists between individual and collective interests. For example, protecting the rights of individuals living with HIV or AIDS empowers them to access treatment, which both improves their health and reduces the likelihood of transmission.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > State obligations to support the right to health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“UHC offers a good illustration of the way in which law can translate vision into action on sustainable development.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > The SDGs and global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The WTO's is among the most robust, with three main stages: first, consultations between the parties; second, adjudication by panels, followed by the Appellate Body; and finally, implementation of the ruling, including countermeasures if the losing party fails to comply.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, litigation can be time-intensive, costly, and unpredictable, dampening its potential benefits.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SDG 3·8, if fully implemented, would help realise the universal right to health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The WTO and ICSID, as tribunals, must reach judgment on the individual cases before them and not on their possible implications for public policy.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“UHC does not have a uniform definition and its variable meanings have created uncertainty.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A state's constitution defines the government's obligations to safeguard the public's health and to protect personal freedoms and rights.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statutes establish a country's key agencies, such as the Ministry of Health, defining its mandate and powers, while allocating funds for its operations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to adjudicate disputes between individuals, health providers, and the State (eg, resolving disputes)”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > The SDGs and global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, their robustness depends on institutional design, as well as the legal system and political culture within the jurisdiction.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it focuses primarily on access to and provision of health care, whereas the right to health is considerably broader, embracing multiple conditions for healthy and safe lives, such as potable water, nutritious and safe food, adequate housing, and clean air.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-state actors can also provide a check on unreasonable exercise of government power. Civil society organisations are instrumental in demanding transparency and accountability from governing institutions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rule of law is central to achieving health with justice, and systems of checks and balances are central to the rule of law.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SDGs and their targets give greater specificity to the broad principles expressed in the right to health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > The SDGs and global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Unlike a court, a treaty body does not pass judgments, but monitors compliance and issues recommendations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, law can be used to establish, structure, and oversee public and private institutions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The associated contracts, known as Standard Material Transfer Agreements (SMTAs), are used to bind non-state actors who would not usually be subjects of international law, such as pharmaceutical companies or academic institutions.39 The SMTAs include a binding arbitration clause: “if a dispute cannot be resolved through negotiations or other non-binding means of the parties' choice, disputes shall”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet further scope remains for countries to use the flexibilities that TRIPS provides to enable greater access to medicines.87”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under Article 27·1 of the FCTC, the parties must try to settle their disputes “through diplomatic channels”, using negotiation or mediation. If the parties cannot settle their dispute in this way, the FCTC envisages ad-hoc arbitration with the exclusive jurisdiction of an arbitration panel.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law also governs processes and institutions by providing systems of checks and balances.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding a broad, aspirational statement like SDG 3 (“ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”), law can provide detail and accountability.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > The SDGs and global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“laws are essential to enshrine the right to health in national policy and to oversee the quality of health professionals and hospitals through licensing and accreditation (eg, establishing norms and standards)”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > The SDGs and global health
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SDG 3·8 views UHC as “financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all”.113”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Laws can establish institutions and define the reach of their activities by setting out institutional mandates. A mandate refers to the explicit, implied, and customary powers and responsibilities of an organisation.82”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In response, governments have devised mechanisms to balance intellectual property protection with greater access to medicines.85 Therefore, national legislation on medicines procurement or patentability criteria, as well as TRIPS flexibilities, have sought to expand social goals, while recognising private rights.86”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The most glaring inequities in health outcomes often correlate directly with unequal access to health services: service coverage is often poorest where needs are greatest.118”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treaties establish and govern international institutions, such as WHO. The WHO constitution is a legally binding treaty that defines the organisation's mission, scope of its organisational activities, and the responsibilities of its organs (assembly, executive board, regional and country offices, and secretariat).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since then, UHC has become a global priority and a central element of WHO's efforts to strengthen health systems and improve the quality and distribution of health and health services.127, 128, 129”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [128]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“UHC has been defined as a practical expression of the right to health,133 drawing together all the health-related SDGs.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The term “universal” in UHC relates to a state's duty to provide health services to all people under its jurisdiction.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, in low-income countries, or those with unstable governments, weak health systems can exacerbate vulnerabilities leading to extremism and violence.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Health coverage also contributes indirectly to development, as healthy children learn better,137, 138 and healthy populations facilitate economic growth.139, 140”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [137]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [138]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [139] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Increasing coverage also requires good governance, and an understanding of both the documented and practical gaps in UHC: the possible “bottlenecks and weaknesses that prevent health systems from serving the entire population and from providing the full suite of priority services at a cost that is affordable and sustainable.”86”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If public officials or health professionals are corrupt, it will be difficult to garner the resources and ensure the equity and functionality of UHC.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Specifically, under Article 12, states parties “recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health”, and undertake to take steps on concrete health goals, including the “prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases”.26, 144”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [144]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“UHC brings direct benefits such as improved population health and more productive societies.136”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“International law creates robust obligations to safeguard the right to health, strengthening states' domestic duty.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [144]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although there is a strong ethos of charitable discretion in international health assistance, sustainable funding requires a mutual sense of responsibility between those providing and those receiving assistance.149”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regard, countries have existing commitments: under the UN Charter (to cooperate in achieving the universal observance of human rights) and the ICESCR (to provide international assistance and cooperation).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since 2010, over 100 countries have sought technical guidance from WHO and the World Bank to move towards UHC.135”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, countries, should not overly rely on international health assistance because it can be inconsistent and unreliable, impeding the government's ability to plan for and finance its health system over the long term.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, Thailand's constitution, promises that “health is considered as an entitlement of Thai citizens and equal access to basic health services should be guaranteed.”141, 142”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [141]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The concept of shared responsibilities for health has a “solid textual foundation”.42”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law provides both the mandate for UHC and the tools to achieve it.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, universal access to high quality services, equitably distributed, has substantial economic costs.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Development assistance for UHC is essential to global security—both health security and human security.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These populations are often already vulnerable, and least able to afford out-of-pocket health care expenditures; they are precisely the groups a UHC system should aim to cover.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Governments must abide by the rule of law to develop, implement, and adjudicate a UHC framework.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures are important, but they also entail subtle or overt political choices or trade-offs.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Low-income and middle-income countries do need to devote a higher percentage of their gross domestic product (GDP) into health systems, but still might be unable to afford the estimated US$86 per capita (2012) required for UHC, and $112 per capita (2014) to achieve the health SDG.146, 147”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, although the mandate is universal (based on the right to health) the means of realising UHC differ from country to country, depending on the legislative and regulatory mechanisms available, as well as policy choices.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in Rwanda, households are means-tested on their assets and revenue and stratified accordingly. The government then pays premiums for the 25% of the population who have been classified as the most vulnerable.155”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [155]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crucially, UHC must be understood as effective, affordable access to quality health services (UHC in practice)—and not merely covering everyone with some form of insurance, regardless of whether they can in fact access quality health services (UHC on paper).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although UHC often faces political resistance because of cost, the World Bank regards it as high value for money.134”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A legal right to health services is important but not sufficient.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because health sector corruption drains scarce resources, eliminating corruption is an essential component of good governance.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutional fragmentation undermines the effective functioning of the global health system.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Governance challenges and the role of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Increasing—or, particularly in the case of sugary beverages or other categories of unhealthy foods, initiating—taxes on unhealthy products is a particularly promising route, which creates a direct, positive health effect while also raising revenue (panel 6 ).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When deciding what is covered and what is not, the central challenge is to achieve the right balance between preventive, health promotion, and treatment services, in a way that is equitable and does not entrench inequities within populations.162”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [162] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, JEE is voluntary and some countries remain reluctant to adopt it, in some cases because of concerns about national sovereignty.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regulatory agencies are often empowered to require full disclosure of finances, and can oversee the efficiency and honesty of funding flows.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“International law lacks a normative or institutional hierarchy,171 meaning that multiple venues could have jurisdiction over similar issues.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [171]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The report uses a set of indicators to monitor service coverage and financial protection.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accomplishing results on complex problems requires organisations to act in a well coordinated manner—for example, WHO, FAO, and the World Organisation for Animal Health must work in conjunction to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistant organisms.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The field of global health is complex, comprising a web of institutions, norms, and processes at the global, national, and subnational levels, in which activities might overlap, come into conflict, or leave gaps.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Governance challenges and the role of law
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, donors often give preference to their own special areas of health need, which might not match what the host population needs.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, a functional UHC programme requires a framework for dispute resolution, with explicit rules to guide those seeking relief.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the WTO, WHO, and the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) each have a mandate to set norms that affect access to pharmaceutical drugs. However, their mandates require the institutions to examine problems arising in trade, public health, and human rights through different legal lenses. This approach leads to conflicting outcomes: the WTO will continue to prioritise international trade and”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while in Brazil the judiciary has ruled on numerous claims of denial of access to medicines.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, the Insurance Regulatory Authority in Kenya regulates insurers, including licensure, quality assurance, and consumer protection and education.161”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [161]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, countries should generally avoid voluntary schemes (those in which people are not required to purchase insurance) as these schemes are not effective ways to achieve UHC.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these examples, and others, international regimes are beginning to recognise and act to harmonise decision-making processes, and, in so doing, improve the public's health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, donor funding is often underpinned by international agreements with donor countries or organisations—eg, World Bank or Global Fund payments come with clear contractual conditions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The World Bank and WHO have developed a UHC monitoring framework that focuses on three key components: quality, essential health services, and financial protection.165”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [165]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The law offers tools, some of which are still evolving, which can build upon these successes and help strengthen the institutional landscape.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Governance challenges and the role of law
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law and regulation are integral to making difficult choices, because they establish processes and institutions to guide transparent decision making.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“In December, 2017, these two agencies launched the global monitoring report on tracking UHC.117”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“States use legal processes to express national health priorities, and legal frameworks define and delineate that which is possible for a state to achieve.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data could assist governments in selecting services, making wise investments, and evaluating progress, particularly for marginalised populations or those with special disease burdens.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An effective UHC programme requires a process of monitoring, evaluation, and accountability, including independent review, dispute resolution, and a compensatory process in the event of adverse outcomes, as well as other administrative, political, legal, and social remedies.164”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [164]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It indicated that about 800 million people around the world spend more than 10% of their household budget on health care, and almost 100 million people are pushed into extreme poverty each year because of out-of-pocket health expenses.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law provides mechanisms through which the vision and aspirations of the SDGs can be realised.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Law gives tangible form to the SDGs' goal of good health and wellbeing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“UHC requires a legal framework that adequately protects patient privacy while retaining information integrity and security.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With limited avenues and no global sovereign entity, global health continues to rely on the traditional tools of international diplomacy to resolve conflicting decisions across international organisations—with mixed results.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, existing laws may prohibit the use of earmarking, and the practice is seen as contentious because it constrains fiscal policy making.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although public participation in law making varies from country to country, transparency and participation are widely agreed cornerstones of effective governance.166”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [166] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the strong normative effect of non-binding instruments, soft rules can also fill gaps and clarify mandates.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This poor compliance has resulted, in part, from external and political forces, and partly from limited technical, legal, and financial capacity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law can be an effective tool to harmonise mandates, clarify functions, and promote multiagency cooperation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar overlaps occur at the international level, in which non-health actors can have a profound effect on global health outcomes. However, the mandates, rules and decision-making processes of these entities rarely take population health into account.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 1: fragmented and overlapping mandates of actors and institutions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Earmarking (also known as hypothecation) can be a useful way to raise revenue and target behavioural health risks, as in the case of tobacco taxes that are earmarked for health spending.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Such mechanisms are essential when deciding on the overall strategy, the specific pathways, and the appropriateness of central trade-offs, for UHC.118”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, civil society participation in health policy can improve decision making and secure grassroots support for UHC.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, UHC programmes that combine public and private funding for health raise governance challenges, underlining the need for appropriate and robust oversight and regulation of coverage plans.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prioritisation and selection of health services are driven by national disease burden and priorities, which in turn should be determined by evidence of cost-effectiveness, affordability, and health impact.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Commission concluded that across the spectrum of global health hazards, legal interventions will be most effective when they are based on sound science, and guided by the values of justice, transparency, and inclusion.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Legal interventions that successfully advance health with justice at the local and national levels have been adopted (and adapted) in other jurisdictions, as well as translated into international norms.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law defines the mandates, powers, and structures of, and the interactions between, key players in global health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Legal reforms could greatly enhance the governance of global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence might come from analogy to other areas of law, such as the effectiveness of taxes on reducing sugary beverages, based on effectiveness of taxes in reducing tobacco use.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, multiple sectors have the potential to improve population health and justice.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The criminal justice system, taxes and transfers, urban planning and development, trade, agriculture, housing, and the environment are incidental to, but deeply affect population health.10”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, most international legal obligations are hard to enforce, for example, in relation to human rights, climate change, or arms control.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These include transparency and openness; civil society or community engagement and inclusive participation; monitoring and evaluation systems; honesty, non-corruption, and stewardship; and accountability at all levels, from legislating, through implementation, to enforcement.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Setting targets and monitoring progress are important tools.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“External evaluations can also be used as tools that could facilitate compliance.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) measure the health effects of proposed initiatives in diverse sectors (criminal justice, education, housing, nutrition, education, and revenue) using quantitative, qualitative, and participatory techniques, with particular regard for health equity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These populations include people with mental or physical disabilities; racial, ethnic, or sexual minorities; and women and children.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Policy makers sometimes—perhaps often—must act on incomplete evidence or scientific uncertainty.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in tobacco control, a comprehensive approach using a host of demand and supply reduction measures has, in combination, substantially reduced smoking rates over time.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Achieving health with justice requires an all-of-government approach, supported by the head of government.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, health with justice can only be delivered against a backdrop of good governance, sound regulatory principles, and the rule of law.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Member states, for example, have almost exclusive governance powers under the WHO constitution. By contrast, valuable voices, such as those in civil society, are often not fully heard.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, evidence of effectiveness for portion controls on sugary beverages might come from studies showing increased portion size, and its relationship to overweight or obesity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, agricultural subsidies for corn, sugar, or meat can exacerbate major health and environmental threats.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laws that share all these characteristics will best advance health with justice.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, states could withhold cooperation for political or economic reasons. For example, the IHR require rapid state identification and reporting of novel infections to WHO. However, if states parties do report novel infections they could face travel and trade restrictions or loss of tourism and prestige. Consequently, states might be reluctant to comply in a timely manner with the IHR's”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, international norms have been codified in national and local laws.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even then, though, law makers might need to accept some uncertainty, such as where there is clear evidence that a suite of legal measures is effective at addressing a complex health threat (eg, obesity, or gun violence), but it is difficult to determine the specific contribution of any single intervention.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are creative ways to foster state compliance, even if it is extraordinarily difficult to assure that compliance.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A classic example of the need to act without complete information is when a major health hazard or emerging health risk demands an urgent response, and perhaps an innovative approach.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the potential to deliver health with justice is weakened by multiple governance challenges: fragmentation and overlap, poor compliance and enforcement, and disjunctions between actors with great influence over global health and the regimes intended to govern them.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Legal reforms could greatly enhance the governance of global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also benefit less from prevention services and have less access to high-quality treatment and rehabilitation services.202”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [202] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, public health researchers and officials often neglect agencies outside of health ministries.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another tool is state reporting.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2008, the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health recognised the importance of reform in multiple sectors.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Framework could assist WHO to strike a better balance between active engagement with outside actors, and maintaining the integrity of its own governance arrangements.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further tool that can be used to assist compliance is transparency and public disclosure.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 2: weak monitoring, compliance, and enforcement
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each of these ways, law can address vital governance challenges in global health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Legal reforms could greatly enhance the governance of global health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most just and effective public health laws share the following four core characteristics: they are evidence based, equity promoting, multisectoral, and supported by good governance (figure 4 ).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we explain how laws that are not informed by evidence and human rights principles could undermine health, while entrenching inequality and discrimination.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New institutions bring a host of benefits—more funding, an enhanced voice for civil society, and innovative ideas—but also new challenges in leadership, oversight, and accountability.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 3: legal determinant 2 > Challenge 3: new legal entities, old governance regimes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HIAs adopt an all-of-government or health-in-all-policies (healthy policies) approach to governance.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Evaluating health laws: does this intervention advance health with justice?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In settings where health systems are weak, populations are all the more vulnerable to emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In Berkeley, which adopted a 1 cent per ounce tax on SSBs, researchers found that SSB sales decreased by 9·6% while untaxed beverage sales increased by 3·5%, driven primarily by a 15·6% increase in sales of bottled water.248”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [248]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality and was associated with an estimated 55·3 million deaths globally in 2008.255, 256”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [255]
- Not matchedcites [256]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FCTC has had a substantial effect on global tobacco control, with its norms widely implemented at national and local levels.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Implementation of the IHR during the Ebola epidemic was deeply flawed: WHO delayed its declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) for over 4 months after the first international spread.213”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [213]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“WHO recommendations go further, recommending that adults undertake 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity, throughout the week.258”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [258]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Liability reform can incentivise manufacturers to more rapidly develop and deploy products.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, Article 14 encourages countries to put in place tobacco cessation infrastructure but does not provide the resources to allow low-income and middle-income countries to do so.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mexico was among the first countries to implement a substantial tax on SSBs, in 2014, levying a 10% excise tax on all SSBs except milk. Researchers found an immediate reduction in SSB consumption during the following years, with sales of SSBs falling by 5·3% in 2014 and 9·7% in 2015, while sales of untaxed beverages increased in 2014 and fell by only 1% in 2015.247”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [247]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“WHO's Global Action Plan has set a target of a 30% reduction of population-level salt intake by 2025.232”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [232] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because infectious diseases do not respect national borders, global health law and governance are just as important as national legislation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Procedural safeguards are often necessary to prevent health officials from acting in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Building on the strong evidence of success in Denmark, New York City and other settings, WHO now recommends that countries use legislation to eliminate industrial trans fats in the food supply.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Law can also require rigorous community and hospital infection control, such as disinfection, hand hygiene, and personal protective equipment.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Crucially, researchers have cautioned that SSB taxes must be relatively high to reduce consumption; at lower levels retailers could elect to absorb the cost of the tax in order to retain customer business, particularly if customers are readily able to purchase comparable goods from a nearby retailer in a location without such a tax.250”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [250]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Almost all countries use a multifaceted regulatory approach, with 70 counties implementing, or planning to implement more than one type of strategy, and 33 countries incorporating legislative initiatives such as taxes, maximum limits, or warning labels.242”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [242]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Examples of effective laws and regulations to increase physical activity include urban planning, land use management and zoning, transport policy (including taxes on car use, availability and accessibility of public transport, and bicycle and walking paths), and road and traffic control.261”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [261]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Importantly, the tax did not seem to meaningfully affect overall consumer shopping habits, as average grocery bills did not increase, and Berkeley store revenue did not decrease compared with control cities.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [248]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The law can also offer a protective function, helping to ensure that patients and human participants in research are treated with dignity and respect, while safeguarding them against unethical research and unsafe products.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a 2009 review of the evidence, WHO found that modifying the built environment, policies that reduce barriers to physical activity (such as walking, biking, and recreation), transport policies, and increased space for recreational activity were all effective interventions.260”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [260]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The main non-communicable diseases—cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus—share four main behavioural risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol, and unhealthy diets.160”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality and was associated with an estimated 55·3 million deaths globally in 2008.255, 256”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [255]
- Not matchedcites [256]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2016, WHO recommended that women in countries where Zika virus infection is a threat should delay pregnancy for several months to several years.305”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [305]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have reiterated throughout this report, law is only a tool, and its effectiveness depends on how this tool is used.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite this, countries across the globe use criminal law measures to try and address the reduction of demand prong of their obligations—including 33 countries that maintain the death penalty for drug-related offences.283”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [283] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In these settings, such laws are inequitably enforced, fail to meet any tangible public health objective —ie, reduce rates of HIV transmission277—and additionally, embed stigma and punish people for engaging in common behaviours such as sexual activity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [277] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although successful mental health policy involves myriad components, a foundational issue is access to affordable, quality mental health services, which requires laws supporting such access along with adequate funding for services.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Approximately 15–20% of the world's population have one or more mental or substance use disorders;289”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [289] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Studies of the US prison system show that “about 20 per cent of inmates have a serious mental illness, 30 to 60 per cent have substance abuse problems and, when including broad-based mental illnesses, the percentages increase significantly.”287”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [287]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Estimates range from 76% to 85% of people with mental disorders not receiving treatment in low-income and middle-income countries, compared with 50% of comparable individuals in high-income countries.291”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [291] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when used inappropriately, law can cause grievous harm—sanctioning discrimination and inequality, imposing barriers to access, creating intentional obfuscation, and increasing complexity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, low-income and middle-income countries often have substandard laws, and poor compliance and enforcement.267”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [267]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Individuals with mental health disorders face pervasive stigma and discrimination, resulting in considerable disparities between the services available for physical and mental health, with decreased availability, accessibility, and quality of mental health services.290”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [290]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Each year, 1·24 million people die as a result of road traffic injuries, and a further 20 million to 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries.263”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [263]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Criminalisation can lead to people avoiding health (and potentially other needed) services for fear of arrest, and because of concerns about discrimination.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The criminal justice system has had a particularly tenuous relationship with public health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ongoing stigma surrounding mental health conditions and continued shortfalls in funding mean that change will come slowly, but the actions of countries such as the UK and India show that targeted laws can help speed progress toward improved mental health outcomes, particularly when coupled with adequate resources.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Countries in the Americas have observed an increase in babies born with microcephaly, with a clear association between microcephaly and exposure of the mother to Zika virus during pregnancy.304”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [304]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite WHO guidance, many countries have criminalised abortion and restricted family planning, and in some countries, women are imprisoned for involuntary miscarriage.301”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [301]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nowadays, the world is facing the highest levels of displacement on record.307”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [307]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The result is that individuals are driven underground, preventing them from accessing treatment, and potentially placing the broader community at risk.275”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [275] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When used effectively, law can be the foundation for sustainable, transformational social change.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“WHO estimates that more than 5 million people (equivalent to 9% of global mortality) die each year as a result of injuries, and many more endure temporary or permanent disability, along with great social and economic hardship.262”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Effective legal interventions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [262]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In many countries, punitive drug control efforts have resulted in serious human rights abuse, including torture and ill treatment by police, mass incarceration, extrajudicial killings, arbitrary detention, and denial of essential medicines and basic health services.282”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [282]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, the study did find “the level of unmet need for contraception is higher in countries with the most restrictive abortion laws than in countries with the most liberal laws, and this contributes to the incidence of abortion in countries with restrictive laws.”302”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [302]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even with an ostensible public health objective, laws can institutionalise inequality, discriminate against already vulnerable populations, and remove opportunities for stigmatised populations to access testing and treatment.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Translating the goals and processes of health laws from the immediate context of policy makers and legal or health practitioners, to the wider public and the organisations that represent their interests, is crucial.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, an ambitious goal like achieving UHC calls for forward planning and proactive regulation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Capacity can include “infrastructure, institutions, human knowledge and skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management.”324”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > How do we define legal capacity?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [324]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, new and emerging health hazards might require new legislative frameworks.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Just as public health requires governments to invest in health systems, it also requires investment in regulatory capacity and effective legal environments.86”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > How do we define legal capacity?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From pandemic responses to the prevention of non-communicable diseases, law on the books is a crucial determinant of what is achievable: empowering and obligating agencies to safeguard the public's health, but also protecting individual rights by placing limits on government and private action.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People who fear deportation are unlikely to seek testing and treatment, placing infected individuals and the wider public at risk.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing evaluation and continuous quality improvement lead to legislation and regulations that demonstrably improve the public's health and safety.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet even more troublingly, laws and policies themselves can hinder health outcomes and contravene well established public health principles.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enacting a good health law is only the first step towards building an effective legal environment.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather than a piecemeal approach to discrete global health challenges, the FCGH would function as an overarching, rights-based framework under which all the vital components of the right to health could be realised, with additional protocols where needed to fill gaps.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, the law must protect the civil and political rights of individuals, as well as their social, economic, and cultural rights, including non-discrimination and equal protection under the law.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, some countries will not provide essential medical services to migrants with tuberculosis, some have legal requirements that individuals with tuberculosis undergo treatment as a condition of attaining legal status, and many detain and deport individuals who have or develop tuberculosis, frequently without providing necessary treatment.310”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [310]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Although data regarding tuberculosis in Syria remains elusive, reports show a rapid rise of the disease in the country, which is still believed to only be a fraction of the actual burden.311, 312”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [311]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [312]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This approach builds on the experience of countries' HIV and AIDS responses and the International Health Regulations, which call for any measure to prevent the spread of an infectious disease to use the least restrictive means possible.316”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [316]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the law has taken important steps to protect the wellbeing of refugees, profound gaps persist and negatively affect the rights and experiences of refugees, particularly with respect to health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effective legal environments, like effective health environments, require transparency and accountability.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, the report states that over time, laws have become outdated, fragmented, ambiguous, or incoherent.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because tuberculosis is preventable, treatable, and curable, public health principles guide the international community towards identifying and treating every individual with active tuberculosis, regardless of location, immigration status, or socioeconomic status.310”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [310]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Tuberculosis can be prevented, treated, and cured.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economic, social, and legal barriers increase the likelihood that tuberculosis will spread along the way and block access to care for those who contract it.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Traditionally, the focus of public health law was on the management of unsanitary environmental conditions (eg, drains, water, food, and housing), and the control of infectious diseases.17”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outdated laws and existing interventions might stigmatise or penalise vulnerable individuals and communities, driving epidemics underground.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Healthy populations and healthy communities start with the enactment and implementation of effective and just public health laws.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These national restrictions based on tuberculosis claim public health as a justification, but directly contravene established public health principles and violate international law.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effective legal environments give affected populations and civil society organisations meaningful opportunities to participate in the decision-making process.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FCGH would respond to the SDGs call for governments and international institutions to “leave no one behind.””
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The UN Economic and Social Council defines capacity development as “the process by which individuals, organizations, institutions and societies develop abilities to perform functions, solve problems and set and achieve objectives.”325”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > How do we define legal capacity?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [325]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laws that promote human rights, particularly the right to health, can be transformative; however, those that violate human rights can be deeply harmful.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Framework Convention on Global Health (FCGH), an idea first suggested a decade ago, is a major proposal for a treaty based on the right to health.319”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [319]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nowadays we recognise that public health law encompasses a far wider range of topics.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The global response to HIV and AIDS provides the most powerful illustration of community mobilisation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“With an unprecedented 68·5 million people around the world forced from their homes—of whom, nearly 25·4 million are refugees and 10 million are stateless people—the origins and consequences of the displacement crisis remain some of the most formidable challenges of our modern time.307”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [307]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the firm foundation of the right to health in international law, the persistence of unconscionable health inequities and the lack of accountability to health commitments have led to calls for a new treaty on the right to health.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The right to health is firmly established in international law.
In the paper
“The WHO emphasises that screening of migrants, including refugees, for active or latent tuberculosis “should always be done with the intention to provide appropriate medical care, and never to exclude or preclude entry”.315”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [315]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The term capacity building (or capacity development) originally comes from the lexicon of sustainable development.323”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > How do we define legal capacity?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [323]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In settings where regulatory and governance capacity is lacking, laws intended to protect the public's health might be poorly drafted or ineffectively implemented.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When research tells us that an intervention works, and when governments operate on the basis of sound scientific evidence and the rule of law, it becomes possible to create the conditions in which people can achieve health with dignity and human rights.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laws that are defined as on the books must be supported by effective processes for their drafting (including public participation), implementation, enforcement, monitoring, evaluation, and ultimately their revision or repeal where necessary (figure 6 ).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protecting such rights is particularly relevant to achieving the SDGs, in which health, development, and human rights are closely intertwined.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Public health officials need a wide-ranging set of powers to carry out their responsibilities to safeguard the population.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Moreover, by interrupting continuity of care, deportation can jeopardise tuberculosis treatment for those who have already started it, which risks resistance developing to first-line tuberculosis medications.310”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [310]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, too often, countries lack the basic legal infrastructure or the capacity to build it.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Governments first need capacity to write and enact laws and regulations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most visible aspect of an effective legal environment for health is so-called law on the books—the group of enacted laws and regulations that makes up public health law.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This idea goes far beyond education or health promotion: rather, it means that affected communities should be genuine partners in, rather than targets of, health policy.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the face of stigma, discrimination, and neglect, advocates raised social and political awareness, which ultimately generated the political will to take action.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, before the 2011 crisis began, Syria had a relatively low burden of tuberculosis.311”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [311]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such cases, law can raise risks and create stigma.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Public health laws are often introduced reactively, and then stay on the books for decades.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The WHO capacity building report also stated that governments might lack the legislative and regulatory tools to discharge their public health and human rights responsibilities effectively.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Why build capacity?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The FCGH would reinforce norms of equity, justice, and human rights; create mechanisms for inclusive participation, cross-sector cooperation, and accountability; and delineate national and global responsibilities for sustainable financing.322”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [322]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the USA, active tuberculosis is still one of the communicable diseases that trigger inadmissibility under the Immigration and Nationality Act, though a waiver may be possible.314”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [314]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The FCGH has since been supported by a growing number of civil society organisations, as well as national and global health leaders,320, 321 with this movement now crystallised through the FCGH Alliance.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > Healthy people in healthy communities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [320]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [321]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If states do indeed opt to limit rights, states must show that the limitations are necessary to achieve a legitimate aim, that the means achieve the stated aim, and that they are the least restrictive means.318”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 4: legal determinant 3 > When laws do not advance health with justice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [318]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the linkages between global health and the law become stronger, the need for an empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce will become more pronounced.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Building legal capacity is the common denominator.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Strong capacity for an effective legal environment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although difficult to quantify numerically, in our assessment, the deficit is marked.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because law has the power to affect diverse populations in different ways, it is crucial that policy makers rely on evidence, whenever possible, to distinguish between laws that work, laws that do not work, and laws that cause harm.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Progress in these areas can be achieved only if health advocates have access to the training and resources needed for deep understanding not only of the health hazard, but also of the legal rules and mechanisms that govern the particular field.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Policy makers often must act on the basis of incomplete scientific information, taking social values into account.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effective legal environments are supported by systems of monitoring, inspections, and tools for enhancing compliance with public health laws and regulations.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The American Beverage Association (with Coca-Cola and PepsiCo as members) spent millions of dollars swaying public opinion against the soda ban, and ultimately succeeded in having the courts strike down the measure.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This type of public engagement meant that when regulation limiting these harmful fats was introduced in 2003, it already had a high level of public confidence and support, and strong industry compliance—ultimately leading to a successful public health legal intervention.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health diplomacy is another crucial legal capacity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health diplomacy requires the ability to genuinely listen to the concerns of stakeholders, while identifying common ground and finding fair and innovative ways to coax the parties toward consensus.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These governance mechanisms can incentivise public participation and help “dispel potential concerns of suspicion or mystification that might surround the development of public health laws”.327”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [327]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They demanded high quality research into the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, the law surrounding access to medicines requires understanding the linkages between trade law, intellectual property law, and health.340”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [340]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Network-building and collaboration have been especially important in cases where health advocates face powerful, organised resistance from vested interests.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a new law represents a sharp turn from accepted practice, the case for reform will often require building an evidence base over time.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Understanding the field of non-communicable diseases and the law requires a strong understanding of multiple other areas, including consumer law, marketing law, food law, tax law, and environment and planning law.341”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [341]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where disputes arise, the court system or other means of redress must be empowered to impartially adjudicate disputes, ensuring fair application of the regulations, and allowing regulated professionals or industries to contest decisions.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the impact of law can be studied scientifically, the study of which leading scholars describe as legal epidemiology.334”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [334]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Law is rarely amenable to randomized clinical trial evaluation.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Well designed studies often require access to large datasets, medium-to-long-term funding and perhaps most importantly, a workforce of interdisciplinary researchers.335”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [335]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“noting that contextual factors will mean that success in one jurisdiction will not necessarily predict success in a neighbouring jurisdiction.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This silo mentality leads to missed opportunities for teaching, research, practice, and problem-solving.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Researchers and practitioners in law and health have traditionally worked in quite distinct ways.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As multinational organisations expand their markets, a trained cadre of well-connected health lawyers can help guide health legislation, regulations, and litigation to ensure the public's health and safety.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research findings can strengthen political and public support for the enactment of particular health laws (by giving an evidence-based rationale for their implementation)”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we recognise that the law-making process is embedded in politics, we urge policy makers to critically evaluate existing evidence, support ongoing health law research, and prioritise the right to health and other human rights.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature of health law presents unique challenges for teaching and training.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Health advocates push for affordable access to medical technologies, but to be truly effective they need the acumen to understand the legal rules governing the pricing and regulation of vaccines and medicines.342”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [342]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effective health diplomacy can operate at the national level (eg, negotiations over new legislation or regulations, especially where health considerations need to be integrated in non-health legislation) and at the transnational level (eg, negotiations over new health treaties, global action plans, or codes of practice).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some cases, the call for full objective evidence before enacting any public health intervention can stifle innovation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“In the USA, medical–legal partnerships bring together health, public health, and legal expertise for the benefit of patients, but also bring about systemic changes and improve population health.346”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [346]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Building the empirical evidence base for effective health laws first requires building disciplinary bridges: mutual understanding, collaboration, common terminologies, and an appreciation of how different skill sets can be applied to public health problems.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such measures fall under three interlinked dimensions: effective legal environments, which should be supported by a strong evidence base, and an empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Strong capacity for an effective legal environment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training in health law could strengthen the contribution of a variety of professions or groups to advancing health with justice.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have noted throughout this report, public health is not simply the application of technical solutions to health problems.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Public interest law organisations can act as centres of excellence, sharing their knowledge and expertise gained from grassroots experience.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Building on this, researchers and policy makers are now recognising the growing need for empirical research.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Since the turn of the 21st century, public health law as a field of scholarship has undergone a renaissance: its philosophical orientations, conceptual frameworks, and core debates have been well articulated.15”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, equipping law graduates with health knowledge and epidemiological skills, and health graduates with an understanding of the role of law and governance in creating healthy environments, is crucial for building capacity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Solutions to all of these complex health problems require a variety of scientific and legal skills.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The complex negotiations over the FCTC, the IHR, or the PIP Framework all provide good examples of the need for skilful health diplomacy.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, it is unabashedly infused with the values of social justice and grounded in the language and practice of human rights.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As of 2019, we have robust evidence that NSPs help prevent the transmission of blood-borne diseases and save lives.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [338]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beyond strengthening the evidence base, this type of research can have far-reaching social and political effects.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, effective legal environments are only possible with a knowledgeable and capable health law workforce.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An empowered, transdisciplinary health law workforce
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the effects of laws and regulations are crucial steps in the process of ensuring effective legal environments for health, but are often overlooked.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These professionals exercise statutory powers as health officials, officers, or inspectors.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The response to HIV and AIDS is, of course, an ongoing struggle, and is only one major health hazard among the many that urgently require social mobilisation.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, objective evidence of positive behaviour changes that improve health can be a more powerful counter to such so-called nanny state arguments.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > A strong evidence base, informed by the values of justice and equity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Public opposition to health laws persistently includes claims that they are paternalistic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When interventions were developed, they advocated for the right to affordable access throughout the world.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > An effective legal environment: a process, not an endpoint
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Governments, international organisations, funders, non-governmental organisations, academic organisations, and other health institutions can take concrete, practical action to support states as they build legal capacity.”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 5: legal determinant 4 > Strong capacity for an effective legal environment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Health risks in the 21st century cannot be controlled by any single government acting alone.
“Health risks in the 21st century are beyond the control of any government in any country.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no distinct international sovereign authority and no global government steering international relations and transnational cooperation.
“Unlike in domestic law, there is no distinct international sovereign authority, and no global government steers international relations and transnational cooperation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
States' compliance with human rights has been highly variable, often undermined by powerful political and economic interests.
“However, states' compliance with human rights has been highly variable, often undermined by powerful political and economic interests.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Soft rules are usually less costly, quicker to negotiate, less rigid, easier to amend, and can reflect more ambitious targets than formal law.
“They are usually less costly (in both economic and political terms) and quicker to negotiate; they can be less rigid, and therefore easier to amend; and they can reflect more ambitious targets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
UN and WHO resolutions usually do not create binding legal obligations for member states.
“UN and WHO resolutions, although agreed through a formal legal process, usually do not create binding legal obligations for member states.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many soft rules aim for national-level implementation.
“Many soft rules aim for national-level implementation, including the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) guidance on the prevention and treatment of HIV, and WHO's guidelines on salt and sugar consumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Universal health coverage is crucial to the future of global health.
“Because UHC is so crucial to the future of global health, we present a case study showing how law can advance the SDGs' bold vision of health and justice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Sustainable Development Goals provide a unifying vision for global health.
“This determinant relates to the power of law to channel the SDGs' unifying vision for global health into concrete action.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human rights treaties assign the main duty for realising the right to health to governments.
“Human rights treaties place the primary responsibility for ensuring the right to health on governments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Almost all countries are party to at least one treaty that includes the right to health, so that right is nearly universal in treaty law.
“Even though states may be parties to different treaties, the overwhelming majority of countries are party to at least one treaty that embodies the right to health, making it a virtually universal standard.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The international community has a duty to reduce health disparities between countries.
“The international community holds a responsibility to reduce health disparities, and international health assistance will remain an important funding source.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SDGs' goal of good health and wellbeing for all is a valid and desirable objective.
“the SDG promise of good health and wellbeing for all”
The paper relies on this without support.
Good governance requires openness and public accountability.
“Yet, good governance requires openness and public accountability.”
The paper relies on this without support.
International institutions, including WHO, and governments have not given the attention and resources required to address the social determinants of health.
“Despite this, international institutions (including WHO itself) and governments have not devoted the attention and resources needed to address the social determinants of health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Independent and civil society voices are essential for holding global health actors accountable.
“Independent and civil society voices are crucial for holding global health actors accountable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Innovative governance arrangements in newer global health entities can improve inclusiveness and transparency.
“Innovative governance arrangements in newer entities could help improve inclusiveness and transparency.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Restrictive or punitive laws on reproductive health and family planning produce stigma and can weaken public health messaging.
“Laws that restrict or penalise reproductive health programmes and family planning not only cause stigma, but can also undermine public health messages.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many countries prohibit or limit non-nationals, especially undocumented immigrants, from accessing health services.
“Many countries ban or restrict access to health services for non-nationals—particularly, but not only, undocumented immigrants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Immigration laws commonly mandate deportation of non-citizens with tuberculosis, pushing affected populations underground.
“For example, immigration laws often require deportation of non-citizens infected with tuberculosis, which drives the population underground (panel 10 ).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The right to health is firmly established in international law.
“Despite the firm foundation of the right to health in international law, the persistence of unconscionable health inequities and the lack of accountability to health commitments have led to calls for a new treaty on the right to health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Authentic community voices tend to be weaker, less organised, and less well-funded than commercial actors with major interests at stake.
“Policy makers must be alert to the risk that genuine community voices are likely to be weaker, less organised, and less well-funded than commercial players with substantial interests to defend.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tuberculosis can be prevented, treated, and cured.
“Because tuberculosis is preventable, treatable, and curable, public health principles guide the international community towards identifying and treating every individual with active tuberculosis, regardless of location, immigration status, or socioeconomic status.310”
The paper relies on this without support.
Law is rarely amenable to randomized clinical trial evaluation.
“Law is rarely amenable to what scientists regard as the so-called gold standard of evaluation, which is the randomised clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public opposition to health laws persistently includes claims that they are paternalistic.
“A persistent reason for public opposition to health laws lies in the claim that they are paternalistic: an intrusion by the so-called nanny state onto individuals' freedom to choose what to eat or how to behave.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Needle and Syringe Programme has been endorsed by WHO, UNAIDS, and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.
“the programme has been endorsed by WHO, UNAIDS, and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Researchers and practitioners in law and health have traditionally worked in quite distinct ways.
“Researchers and practitioners in law and in health have traditionally worked in quite distinct ways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many low-income and middle-income countries lack a cadre of trained health law professionals, and health lawyers are scarce in many high-income countries.
“Many low-income and middle-income countries do not have a cadre of trained health law professionals, and health lawyers are also scarce in many high-income countries.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 2: legal determinant 1 > Case study: law as a tool to achieve UHC
“a country could establish a separate adjudication process for individual claims, similar to the Colombian tutela example (panel 5).”
§ The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development > Section 1: the legal system for global health > Functions of law
“This danger was realised in Colombia, where individuals bringing legal actions known as tutelas overwhelmed the public health system in the 1990s and 2000s, requiring a judicial ruling on the limits and definition of the right to health (panel 4 ).”
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–336 of 336
Regulation of KRI Healthcare System
Omer, A., & Garwood‐Gowers, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3898-7_3
Hood, M. M., & Dilawar, S. (2025) · International Journal of Digital Health and Telemedicine · doi:10.51137/wrp.ijdht.2025.mhmp.45755
Judicial claims for access to treatment in the private health insurance sector in Brazil
Wang, D., de Vasconcelos, N. P., dos Santos, E. F., et al. (2025) · Health Economics Policy and Law · doi:10.1017/s1744133125000106
“…complementary), the particularities of each legal and health system, the types of claims and sociodemographic characteristics of litigants, and the impact of courts on the provision and funding of healthcare can improve our understanding of the legal determinants of health (Gostin et al. , 2019).”
Improving Accountability for Quality and Safe Healthcare: Lessons from Ghana
Otchi, E. H., & Greenfield, D. (2025) · Hospitals · doi:10.3390/hospitals2030024
“Legal frameworks have the potential to facilitate the provision of quality healthcare once accountability mechanisms can be embedded [1].”
Roach, S., & McDonald, F. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009653732.021
Advancing One Health Legal and Policy Action for the Environment
Goll, U. S., & Machalaba, C. C. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009653732.018
Development of systemic approaches to management of the regional prevalence (literature review)
Andrusov, V. E. (2025) · Health Care of the Russian Federation · doi:10.47470/10.47470/0044-197x-2025-69-4-330-334
Health rights and accountability
Hunt, P. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01808-2
Ubuntu and the Willingness to Sacrifice Human Rights during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bohler‐Muller, N., Davids, Y. D., Mchunu, N., et al. (2025) · South African Review of Sociology · doi:10.1080/21528586.2025.2569496
“…with the derogation of rights, requiring that it be “in accordance with the law; based on a legitimate objective; strictly necessary in a democratic society; the least restrictive and intrusive means available; and not arbitrary, unreasonable, or discriminatory” (Gostin et al. 2019: 1859).”
How Neoliberalism Undermines the Health of the Polish Population
Szymborska, H., & Szymborski, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09283-0_7
Harika, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6024394
Green Finance in Developing Nations: Legal Barriers, Opportunities, and Policy Innovations
Sahu, S., Mallick, N., & Hossain, I. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08828-4_13
Tensions of social human rights in ensuring access to medicines
Ventura, M. (2026) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232026311.14302025en
Tensões dos direitos humanos sociais na garantia do acesso a medicamentos
Ventura, M. (2026) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232026311.14302025
Ni, M. Y., Leung, C. M. C., Wan, T. T. W., Campion, J., Gill, N., Galea, S., & Ip, E. C. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00336-0 · Cited by 1
The Rise of International Health Law
Маличенко, В. С. (2023) · Russian Journal of World Politics and Law of Nations · doi:10.24833/rjwpln-2022-4-77-92
Public health law and ethics: Legal framework for harm reduction and social justice
Kumawat, D. K., Sunita, M., Singh, S., et al. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43986-5.00025-4
Pashapour, H., Ghaffari, M., Nikfarjam, A., Kavousi, A., & Karami, M. (2026) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-026-01208-w
Loyd, J. M. (2026) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/03091325261446612
“Amid the problems of governance and sharp power imbalances articulated by the Lancet-Oslo Commission, the Lancet-O ’ Neill Commission set out to forge an agenda for the “ strategic use of law at all levels — local, national, and international ” in pursuing the goal of “ global health with justice ” (Gostin et al., 201…”
InfluentialIm, H. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119430
Argüello-Rueda, J. D., Antonazzo, I. C., Rozza, D., Paccini, M., Losa, L., Mantovani, L. G., & Ferrara, P. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16136598 · Cited by 1
Behzadifar, M., Shahabi, S., Bakhtiari, A., Martini, M., & Behzadifar, M. (2026) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-026-01383-x · Cited by 1
“Legal instruments such as mandatory asset declarations, public registries of interests, and independent oversight committees are essential tools that could strengthen governance and limit undue influence [32].”
Maatoug, T., Ouahchi, A., Seedat, F., Deal, A., Khelifi, A., Douagi, M., Mansour, W., Mtiraoui, A., Assarag, B., Zenner, D., et al. (2026) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10146439/v1
Torales, J. C., O’Higgins, M. G., Barrios, I., Amarilla, D., Almirón‐Santacruz, J., García, Ó., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2026) · Geopsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.geopsy.2026.100108
Sverdlik, A., Ouma, S., Dev, S., Patil-Deshmukh, A., Koyaro, M., Luka, Z., & Subbaraman, R. (2026) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.langlo.2026.104052
Balancing Public Health and Commercial Speech: The Case for Front-of-Pack Warning Labels
Naidoo, D., Mafuyeka, M., Omoruyi, A. J., & Kruger, P. (2026) · Food Ethics · doi:10.1007/s41055-026-00227-y
“On the positive side, there are also legal determinants of health, which are a great way to promote health at the local and global levels through the mechanisms, frameworks, and accountability measures that law provides (Gostin et al. 2019).”
Kulkarni, S., Joshi, M., Patil, R., & Deshmukh, A. (2022) · Journal of Health Informatics and Digital Systems · doi:10.68159/j927130731
On planetary health: medicine, ecology, and ethics
Fialova, L. (2026) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-026-10361-3
“…of health captures the possibility of law to design, implement and enforce regulations on socioeconomic and commercial determinants of health, which might also be a powerful force countering and preventing deprivation, stigma, and discrimination (Wolf and de-Shalit 2013, Gostin et al. 2019).”
Reimer-Kirkham, S., Astle, B., Ero, I., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26659561
Fung, E. H. C., & Dong, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26043742
Reimer-Kirkham, S., Astle, B., Ero, I., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26659558
Illias, M., Riach, K., & Demou, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27129623
One Health and Future Legal Structures
Woolaston, K., & Kotzmann, J. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009653732.015
Metadata
- Authors
- Gostin, L. O., Monahan, J. T., Kaldor, J., DeBartolo, M., Friedman, E. A., Gottschalk, K., Kim, S. C., Alwan, A., Binagwaho, A., Burci, G. L., Cabal, L., DeLand, K., Evans, T. G., Goosby, E., Hossain, S., Koh, H., Ooms, G., Roses Periago, M., Uprimny, R., & Yamin, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Georgetown University (US)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Northwestern Medicine (US)
- Ministry of Health (IQ)
- Global Health Centre (CH)
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (CH)
- Bibliothèque de Genève (CH)
- World Bank Group (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Bangladesh Air Force Shaheen College (BD)
- Harvard University (US)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gostin, Lawrence O
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 393
- Issue
- 10183
- Pages
- 1857-1910
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC7159296
- OpenAlex
- W2943370879
- Semantic Scholar
- 662b370ba998e409d115407caac4cbe8d873d3aa
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 7.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) (submittedVersion)
- UTAS Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- The scholarly Commons (Georgetown) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges
- Keywords
- public health law, global health, sustainable development, health equity, international cooperation
- MeSH terms
- Legal Services, Health Equity, Sustainable Development, Female, Health Policy, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Social Control, Formal, Global Health, History, 21st Century, Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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