Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality
Open accessAbstract
To be able to curb the global pandemic of physical inactivity and the associated 5.3 million deaths per year, we need to understand the basic principles that govern physical activity. However, there is a lack of large-scale measurements of physical activity patterns across free-living populations worldwide. Here we leverage the wide usage of smartphones with built-in accelerometry to measure physical activity at the global scale. We study a dataset consisting of 68 million days of physical activity for 717,527 people, giving us a window into activity in 111 countries across the globe. We find inequality in how activity is distributed within countries and that this inequality is a better predictor of obesity prevalence in the population than average activity volume. Reduced activity in females contributes to a large portion of the observed activity inequality. Aspects of the built environment, such as the walkability of a city, are associated with a smaller gender gap in activity and lower activity inequality. In more walkable cities, activity is greater throughout the day and throughout the week, across age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) groups, with the greatest increases in activity found for females. Our findings have implications for global public health policy and urban planning and highlight the role of activity inequality and the built environment in improving physical activity and health.
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WHO estimates that non-communicable diseases cause 40 million deaths each year, which is 70% of all deaths globally.
“WHO estimates that non-communicable diseases cause 40 million deaths annually, amounting to 70% of all deaths globally.218”
From The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development (2019) · cites this paper as [218]
The Abstract reports 5.3 million deaths per year associated with physical inactivity, not total deaths from non-communicable diseases. Searches for the WHO estimate, 40 million deaths, and 70% of global deaths found no passage in our copy stating those figures. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLarge scale studies of physical activity and well-being leveraging mobile devices' built-in accelerometers have shown promise as global physical activity surveillance tools, demonstrating inequalities across different countries after analysing data from over 700 000 people.
“Large scale studies of physical activity and well-being leveraging mobile devices’ built-in accelerometers have shown promise as global physical activity surveillance tools, demonstrating, for example, inequalities across different countries after analysing data from over 700 000 people [2].”
From Human-centred artificial intelligence for mobile health sensing: challenges and opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Physical activity in Western society has changed drastically since the Industrial Revolution, with ample evidence for a reduction in occupational energy expenditure as well as greater time spent sitting.
“PA in Western society has changed drastically since the Industrial Revolution, with ample evidence for a reduction in occupational energy expenditure as well as greater time spent sitting.17,18”
From Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: Metabolic and musculoskeletal implications (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Study participants were more active and healthier than the general Swiss population.
“Study participants were more active and healthier than the general Swiss population.”
From Which Components of a Smartphone Walking App Help Users to Reach Personalized Step Goals? Results From an Optimization Trial (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Althoff, T., Sosič, R., Hicks, J. L., King, A. C., Delp, S. L., & Leskovec, J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leskovec, Jure
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 547
- Issue
- 7663
- Pages
- 336-339
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5774986
- OpenAlex
- W2726248338
- Cited by
- 1,000
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 149 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 15 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 74.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Bank Group
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U54EB020405)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065690, R24HD065690)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
- Keywords
- physical activity, obesity, smartphone accelerometry, built environment, walkability, urban planning, physical inactivity, body mass index, public health policy, global health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Cities, City Planning, Environment Design, Female, Health Policy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Public Health, Sex Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Walking, Internationality, Young Adult, Accelerometry, Datasets as Topic
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