The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), like other psychiatric disorders, represents an evolving construct that has been refined and developed over the past several decades in response to research into its clinical nature and structure. The clinical presentation and course of the disorder have been extensively characterised. Efficacious medication-based treatments are available and widely used, often alongside complementary psychosocial approaches. However, their effectiveness has been questioned because they might not address the broader clinical needs of many individuals with ADHD, especially over the longer term. Non-pharmacological approaches to treatment have proven less effective than previously thought, whereas scientific and clinical studies are starting to fundamentally challenge current conceptions of the causes of ADHD in ways that might have the potential to alter clinical approaches in the future. In view of this, we first provide an account of the diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment of ADHD from the perspective of both the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Second, we review the progress in our understanding of the causes and pathophysiology of ADHD on the basis of science over the past decade or so. Finally, using these discoveries, we explore some of the key challenges to both the current models and the treatment of ADHD, and the ways in which these findings can promote new perspectives.
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“Within this pattern, the WMI showed a large effect size among the primary indices, reinforcing the evidence that associates WM deficits with the core features of ADHD [47, 48].”
From ADHD, Subtypes and Cognitive Performance: WISC-V as a Support Tool for Diagnostic Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“As children and young persons with ASD/ADHD age, they often experience emotional and social difficulties.3,4,5”
From Mortality in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Findings from previous studies and reviews have suggested that children and adults with ASD/ADHD are associated with coexisting mental and neurologic conditions (such as oppositional and conduct disorders, tic disorders, epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders).3,4,5,57”
From Mortality in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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Citations
Cites
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Self-citationPolanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381 · Cited by 3,990
Self-citation(1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073 · Cited by 3,372
Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., & Sklar, P. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024 · Cited by 2,357
FARAONE, S. V., BIEDERMAN, J., & MICK, E. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500471x · Cited by 2,267
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949
Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt261 · Cited by 1,822
Self-citationAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation
Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104 · Cited by 1,819
Pliszka, S. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 · Cited by 1,765
Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis
Simon, V., Czobor, P., Bálint, S., Mészáros, Á., & Bitter, I. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827 · Cited by 1,601
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Pliszka, 2007, Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 46, 894, 10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 · DOI · Paper page
- Chang, 2019, Risks and benefits of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication on behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes: a qualitative review of pharmacoepidemiology studies using linked prescription databases, Bio Psychiatry, 86, 335, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.009 · DOI · Paper page
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Channer, B., Matt, S. M., Nickoloff-Bybel, E. A., Pappa, V., Agarwal, Y., Wickman, J. R., & Gaskill, P. J. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618 · Cited by 328
Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions
Bölte, S., Neufeld, J., Marschik, P. B., Williams, Z. J., Gallagher, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6 · Cited by 249
Mohler‐Kuo, M., Dzemaili, S., Foster, S., Werlen, L., & Walitza, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094668 · Cited by 215
Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Corona, J. C. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9111039 · Cited by 163
The neurodiversity concept: is it helpful for clinicians and scientists?
Sonuga-Barke, E., & Thapar, A. (2021) · Lancet psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00167-x · Cited by 128
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Posner, J., Polanczyk, G. V., & Sonuga-Barke, E.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Posner, Jonathan
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 395
- Issue
- 10222
- Pages
- 450-462
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC7880081
- OpenAlex
- W4211094461
- Cited by
- 835
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 176 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 26
- FWCI
- 15.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UH3OD023328)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH101172, R01MH121070)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD diagnosis, DSM-5, ICD-11, pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions, non-pharmacological treatment, pathophysiology, ADHD etiology, treatment effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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