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Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER) primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Tenofovir alafenamide shows high antiviral efficacy and improved renal and bone safety compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when used for HIV treatment. Here, we report primary results from a blinded phase 3 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention.Methods This study is an ongoing, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial done at 94 community, public health, and hospital-associated clinics located in regions of Europe and North America, where there is a high incidence of HIV or prevalence of people living with HIV, or both. We enrolled adult cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women who have sex with men, both with a high risk of acquiring HIV on the basis of their self-reported sexual behaviour in the past 12 weeks or their recent history (within 24 weeks of enrolment) of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Participants with current or previous use of PrEP with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were not excluded. We used a computer-generated random allocation sequence to randomly assign (1:1) participants to receive either emtricitabine (200 mg) and tenofovir alafenamide (25 mg) tablets daily, with matched placebo tablets (emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group), or emtricitabine (200 mg) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg) tablets daily, with matched placebo tablets (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group). As such, all participants were given two tablets. The trial sponsor, investigators, participants, and the study staff who provided the study drugs, assessed the outcomes, and collected the data were masked to group assignment. The primary efficacy outcome was incident HIV infection, which was assessed when all participants had completed 48 weeks of follow-up and half of all participants had completed 96 weeks of follow-up. This full analysis set included all randomly assigned participants who had received at least one dose of the assigned study drug and had at least one post-baseline HIV test. Non-inferiority of emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was established if the upper bound of the 95·003% CI of the HIV incidence rate ratio (IRR) was less than the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 1·62. We prespecified six secondary bone mineral density and renal biomarker safety endpoints to evaluate using the safety analysis set. This analysis set included all randomly assigned participants who had received at least one dose of the assigned study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02842086, and is no longer recruiting.Findings Between Sept 13, 2016, and June 30, 2017, 5387 (92%) of 5857 participants were randomly assigned and received emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (n=2694) or emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (n=2693). At the time of the primary efficacy analysis (ie, when all participants had completed 48 weeks and 50% had completed 96 weeks) emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide was non-inferior to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention, as the upper limit of the 95% CI of the IRR, was less than the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 1·62 (IRR 0·47 [95% CI 0·19-1·15]). After 8756 person-years of follow-up, 22 participants were diagnosed with HIV, seven participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group (0·16 infections per 100 person-years [95% CI 0·06-0·33]), and 15 participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (0·34 infections per 100 person-years [0·19-0·56]). Both regimens were well tolerated, with a low number of participants reporting adverse events that led to discontinuation of the study drug (36 [1%] of 2694 participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group vs 49 [2%] of 2693 participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group). Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide was superior to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in all six prespecified bone mineral density and renal biomarker safety endpoints.Interpretation Daily emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide shows non-inferior efficacy to daily emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention, and the number of adverse events for both regimens was low. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide had more favourable effects on bone mineral density and biomarkers of renal safety than emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.Funding Gilead Sciences.
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“The successful development and widespread adoption of these prophylactics has been considered a public health triumph, drastically reducing the spread of HIV, and dramatically improving quality of life (Mayer et al., 2020).”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2020
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“For example, individuals at high-risk of contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) routinely take the prophylactic tenofovir with emtricitabine formulations (daily oral administration) that prevent (and treat) HIV infection.”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2020
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“This paradigm has since evolved, as prophylactic compound approaches have been shown to improve health outcomes in healthy populations which are at risk.”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2020
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Long-acting preexposure prophylaxis: early data on roll-out in the United States
Koss, C. A., & Parikh, U. M. (2024) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000894 · Cited by 5
“Tenofovir disoproxil 2012, followed by approval of tenofovir alafenamide with emtricitabine (F/TAF) for nonvaginal exposures in 2019 [5,6].”
Rader, A. G., Cloherty, A. P. M., Patel, K. S., Almandawi, D. D. A., Pajkrt, D., Wolthers, K. C., Sridhar, A., van Piggelen, S., Baaij, L. E., Schreurs, R., et al. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012714 · Cited by 5
Kurillová, A., Kvı́tek, L., & Panáček, A. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17060783 · Cited by 5
Brown, T. T., Yuhas, K., Mayer, K. H., Landovitz, R. J., Marzinke, M. A., Hendrix, C. W., Chen, Y. Q., Klingman, K. L., Chege, W., McCauley, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkab400 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSignificant Publications on Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy in 2021
Nguyen, N. T. H., Chua, H. C., Drake, T. C., Jo, J., Stramel, S., Vuong, N. N., Gonzales-Luna, A. J., Olson, K., & on behalf of the Houston Infectious Diseases Network (2022) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/08971900221128334 · Cited by 5
“77,78 Medication adherence was found to be a key factor in determining ef fi cacy of oral PrEP agents.”
BackgroundLiégeon, G., Assoumou, L., Ghosn, J., Mouhebb, M. E., Palich, R., Palacios, C., Slama, L., Surgers, L., Algarté-Génin, M., Béniguel, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkac336 · Cited by 5
Self-citationHill, A. M. (2024) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciae190 · Cited by 5
Payments for Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States: Too Much for Too Few
Ard, K. L., & Walensky, R. P. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-5643 · Cited by 5
“The recently published DISCOVER trial (8) showed that TAF–FTC is noninferior to TDF–FTC as PrEP for men and transgender women who have sex with men (cisgender women were excluded); TAF–FTC has a marginally better renal and bone profile and marginally worse effects on lipids and weight (8).”
MethodDonnell, D. J., Zewdie, K., Ratna, N., Miller, V., Saunders, J., Gill, O. N., Delpech, V., & Mohammed, H. P. (2021) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2021-055254 · Cited by 5
“Recently, with the evidence of high effectiveness for both emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (F/TAF) and injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA), 6–8 this future is now imminent.”
Mobilization of systemic CCL4 following HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in young men in Africa
Petkov, S., Herrera, C., Else, L., Mugaba, S., Namubiru, P., Odoch, G., Opoka, D., Pillay, A.-D. A. P., Seiphetlo, T. B., Serwanga, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.965214 · Cited by 5
Pohlman, F. W., McGee, K. S., & McKellar, M. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab403 · Cited by 5
“In the DISCOVER trial, which compared TDF with TAF in preexposure prophylaxis regimens, participants in the TDF arm lost weight in the first 24 weeks and returned to their baseline weight by week 48, similar to our patient’s initial weight loss and then return toward baseline [3].”
BackgroundMethodWilliams, D. M., & Blackburn, G. M. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837671328-00096 · Cited by 5
Taylor, A., Hayes, R., Nwokolo, N. C., Whitlock, G. G., Dosekun, O., McCormack, S., Gafos, M., & Evangeli, M. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04151-8 · Cited by 4
“…double-blinded randomised control trial aimed to test whether Descovy™ (emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide, F/TAF) was as safe and effective as Truvada™ (emtricitabine and tenofovir disproxil fuma-rate, F/TDF) when used by GBMSM as a pre-exposure prophylaxis within a daily dosing regimen [43].”
MethodKim, H. Y., Liebenberg, A., Zhang, L., & von Kleist, M. (2026) · CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/psp4.70254 · Cited by 4
“…of MSM not taking oral TDF/ FTC-based PrEP was only 4%–21% in major clinical studies like IPERGAY, HPTN 083, Purpose 2 and DISCOVER [8, 11, 31, 32], whereas the fraction of cis-gender women not taking oral PrEP was 44, 64, 71 and ≈ 90% in HPTN 084, Fem-PrEP, VOICE and Purpose 1 [7, 9, 33, 34].”
Bourgi, K., Bian, A., Boyd, L. J., Gupta, S. K., Cohen, C. J., Lee, J. C., Sterling, T. R., Moore, R. D., Lesko, C. R., Lake, J. E., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiag271 · Cited by 4
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“Both drugs demonstrated good tolerability; however, TAF showed signifi - cantly superior bone and renal safety outcomes compared to F/TDF [11].”
InfluentialCalvetti, S., Lei, B., Stocks, J. B., Rosso, M. T., Puentes, M., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Slay, L., Kipke, M. D., & Hightow‐Weidman, L. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/69255 · Cited by 4
“Emtri-citabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF), an alternative daily medication approved for PrEP in October 2019, is only for use in people assigned male at birth [17,18].”
van de Vijver, D. A. M. C., Mukherjee, S., & van Kampen, J. J. A. (2021) · Current treatment options in infectious diseases/Current treatment options in infectious disease · doi:10.1007/s40506-021-00246-9 · Cited by 4
Kamkwalala, A. R., Garg, A., Roy, U. B., Matthews, A. M., Castillo‐Mancilla, J., Lake, J. E., Sebastiani, G., Yin, M. T., Brown, T. T., Kamer, A. R., et al. (2021) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2021.0059 · Cited by 4
Saidi, F., & Chi, B. H. (2022) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.07.002 · Cited by 6
A lipid index for risk of hyperlipidemia caused by anti-retroviral drugs
Shimura, M., Higashi‐Kuwata, N., Fujiwara, A., Taniguchi, M., Ichinose, T., Hamano, F., Uematsu, M., Inoue, T., Matsuyama, S., Suzuki, T., et al. (2024) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105819 · Cited by 4
Kinsale, T. S., Cottrell, M. L., Li, L., Brand, R. M., Gatto, G., Luecke, E. H., Norton, C. A., Krovi, S. A., Dumond, J. B., Rao, G. G., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16020201 · Cited by 4
“Fixed-dose combinations of daily oral antiretrovirals (emtricitabine 200 mg with teno-fovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg or tenofovir alafenamide 25 mg) have been shown to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition in multiple randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT) and their open label extensions [1,2].”
BackgroundSullivan, P. S., Mera, R. M., Bush, S., Shvachko, V. A., Sarkodie, E., O'Farrell, D., DuBose, S. N., & Magnuson, D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/55614 · Cited by 4
“Specifically, we recognize the need to develop improved methods to understand how to characterize the use of TDF/FTC as event-driven PrEP [29], to incorporate new formulations of PrEP [30], and to prepare for increased use of long-acting injectable PrEP [31].”
InfluentialGonzalez, J., Rebolledo, P. A., Siegler, A. J., Huang, W., Mayer, K. H., & Cantos, V. D. (2024) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2024.2397128 · Cited by 4
“For both drugs, their PrEP e ff ectiveness is correlated with adherence to the oral regimen as prescribed (Baeten et al., 2012; Dimitrov et al., 2016; Donnell et al., 2014; Grant et al., 2010; Mayer et al., 2020).”
Self-citationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2: Global History, Occurrence, and Spread
Kaslow, R. A., Tang, J. ‘., & Goepfert, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_65-1 · Cited by 4
Twice-yearly lenacapavir: A milestone for HIV prevention in young African women
Nozza, S., & Castagna, A. (2024) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2024.08.008 · Cited by 4
Blair, C. S., Cambou, M. C., & Landovitz, R. J. (2025) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042823-013707 · Cited by 4
State-of-the-Art Review: Data and Trust to Improve Care for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients
Sickels, N. J. V., Wong, J. W. H., Cari, E. V., Lee, S. E., & Fallin‐Bennett, K. (2025) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciae480 · Cited by 4
Active‐Controlled Trial Design for HIV Prevention Trials With a Counterfactual Placebo
Gao, F., Janes, H., Buchbinder, S., & Donnell, D. J. (2025) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70022 · Cited by 4
“Recent studies have demonstrated the high effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for HIV prevention when utilized as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (Grant et al., 2010; Baeten et al., 2012; Molina et al., 2015; Mayer et al., 2020; Landovitz et al., 2021; Moretlwe et al., 2021).”
Providing HIV preexposure prophylaxis
Trischuk, T., Little, B., & LeBras, M. H. (2022) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6803197 · Cited by 4
Data Velocity in HIV-Related Implementation Research: Estimating Time From Funding to Publication
Schwartz, S., Ortiz, J. L. C., Smith, J. D., Beres, L. K., Mody, A., Eshun‐Wilson, I., Benbow, N., Mallela, D. P., Tan, S., Baral, S., et al. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002963 · Cited by 4
An update on expanding HIV preexposure prophylaxis
Baker, J., & Rolls, J. (2023) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000911184.87186.0f · Cited by 4
Manna, S., Das, K., Santra, S., Nosova, E. V., Zyryanov, G. V., & Halder, S. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15091826 · Cited by 4
Cell-Penetrating Drug Carrier by Molecular Recognition of Sphingomyelin on Plasma Membranes
Cheng, X., Miao, Y., Zhou, J., Lu, F., Jin, J., & Hu, L. (2024) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00101 · Cited by 4
Control groups for HIV prevention efficacy trials: what does the future hold?
Janes, H., & Buchbinder, S. (2023) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000818 · Cited by 4
Prévenir le VIH par la PrEP : enjeux et perspectives
Guyonvarch, O., Vaillant, L., Hanslik, T., Blanchon, T., Rouveix, É., & Supervie, V. (2020) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2020.10.005 · Cited by 5
PrEP Implementation with Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: a Review on Barriers and Facilitators
Barnett, A. P., Unternaher, J., Dimenstein, N. B., & Rakhmanina, N. Y. (2025) · Current Pediatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s40124-025-00343-z · Cited by 3
“In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved emtricit-abine and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy®) as another highly efficacious and effective daily oral PrEP option for sexual minority men (SMM) and transgender women (TW) [11].”
Zamantakis, A., Do, R., Huang, R., Queiroz, A. A. F. L. N., & Mustanski, B. S. (2025) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-025-01814-x · Cited by 3
“Efforts to target disparities in HIV prevention include the dissemination of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a once-daily pill or bimonthly injection, that can reduce chances of HIV acquisition by 99% if taken as prescribed (Landovitz et al., 2021; Mayer et al., 2020).”
The Latest Trends and Evolution of HIV Medication Management: A Systematic Review
Iheagwara, C., Ezulike, S. S., Anja, M., & Okobi, O. E. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.91933 · Cited by 4
“For instance, in 2012, the FDA approved Truvada (TDF/FTC) as the initial PrEP regimen, despite its widespread adoption occurring after 2013 [32].”
Cox, S., Andreatta, K. N., Hendricks, M. R., Li, J., Kintu, A., Brown, L. B., Carter, C. C., & Callebaut, C. (2025) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf533 · Cited by 3
“Emergence of resistance in individuals who acquire HIV before initiating PrEP is well documented for all PrEP agents [28–31].”
Self-citationLiang, X., Park, K. Y., Lee, H., Liu, H., Willis, C., Dhippayom, T., Rogers, R., Weinberg, A. R., Green, J., Chi, A., et al. (2025) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04628-9 · Cited by 3
Chueng, T. A., Culbertson, K., James, K., Estes, D., Ciraldo, K. J., Suarez, E., Tookes, H., Bartholomew, T. S., & Nowotny, K. M. (2025) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-025-00382-0 · Cited by 3
“Historically, PrEP trials have prioritized men who have sex with men, often to the exclusion of cisgen-der women (Przybyla et al., 2020), as in IPERGAY and DISCOVER, limiting the evidence base for this population (Mayer et al., 2020; Molina et al., 2015).”
Mishriky, F., & Chan, P. (2026) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s547635 · Cited by 3
Prescribing pre-exposure prophylaxis in general practice
Bhatti, O., So, D., Zahid, M. A., & Cornelisse, V. J. (2021) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/ajgp-02-21-5829 · Cited by 3
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“Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective and safe strategy to prevent the acquisition of HIV [1-3].”
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Albright, N., McGhee, S., & Morrison-Beedy, D. C. (2023) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2023.104783 · Cited by 3
Carneiro, P. B., Radix, A. E., Golub, S. A., Grosskopf, N. A., & Grov, C. (2024) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003492 · Cited by 3
“…(TAF)/300 mg emtricitabine (FTC)- formulation, was not inclusive of those assigned female at birth, putting this option out of reach for TMSM. 19 Similarly, the PREVENIR trial, which led to the approval and implementation of event-driven PrEP, did not include TMSM or those assigned female at…”
InfluentialAgrahari, V., Peet, M. M., Chandra, N., Ramalingam, P., Gupta, P. K., Jonnalagadda, S., Singh, O., McCormick, T. J., Doncel, G. F., & Clark, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.11.062 · Cited by 3
“…prodrug of tenofovir, combined with FTC (Descovy ® ), has also been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for HIV-1 prevention in at-risk adults and adolescents, excluding those who have receptive vaginal sex, and it is currently being studied in cisgender women [4].”
Jorgensen, P. E. W., Ruiz‐Algueró, M., Iniesta, C., Pulido, F., & Llenas‐García, J. (2025) · Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2024.12.023 · Cited by 3
Hiransuthikul, A., Thammajaruk, N., Kerr, S. J., Janamnuaysook, R., Nonenoy, S., Hongchookiat, P., Trichavaroj, R., Tawon, Y., Boonruang, J., Teeratakulpisarn, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.26445 · Cited by 3
Self-citationde Vos, L., Mussa, A., Rousseau, E., Strauss, M., George, G., Vundhla, P., Gebengu, A., Tsuaneng, M., Tamuthiba, L., Tumagole, A., et al. (2025) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-025-04751-6 · Cited by 3
“Developed and proposed long-acting PrEP agents include dapivirine vaginal rings [33], long-acting injectables (e.g., cabotegravir or lenacapavir), new oral antiretroviral drugs (e.g., monthly) [34], and implants [35].”
Fitch, C., Shepard, C., Foley, J. D., Ironson, G. H., Safren, S. A., Carrico, A. W., Rodriguez, A. E., & O’Cleirigh, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00251-9 · Cited by 3
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis in Adolescents and Young Adults
Brundrett, M. E. (2021) · Pediatrics in Review · doi:10.1542/pir.2020-002048 · Cited by 3
Kania, Z., Mijas, M. E., Grabski, B., Gąsiorowski, J., & Pliczko, M. P. (2022) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/144821 · Cited by 3
Mayer, K. H., Yuhas, K., Amico, K. R., Wilkin, T. J., Landovitz, R. J., Richardson, P., Marzinke, M. A., Hendrix, C. W., Eshleman, S. H., Cottle, L. M., et al. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03736-z · Cited by 3
Self-citationPre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV in Primary Care and Beyond.
Drallmeier, T., & Meyr, A. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3
Update on Central Nervous System Effects of HIV in Adolescents and Young Adults
McGuire, J. L., Grinspan, J. B., & Jordan‐Sciutto, K. L. (2023) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-023-00651-3 · Cited by 4
Malefo, M. A., Ayo-Yusuf, O. A., & Mokgatle, M. M. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13080654 · Cited by 3
Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in the United States: An Overview and Update
Dhir, A. “. (2023) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000997216.21988.19 · Cited by 3
“14, 15 It operates as a cytosine analog.”
BackgroundPereira, M. E., de Castro, C. T., Magno, L., Oliveira, T. D. A., Soares, F., Neves, F. M. F., do Nascimento, P. R. D. S., & Dourado, I. C. (2023) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311xen089522 · Cited by 4
“We analyzed information on adverse effects (US CDC PrEP 31,34 , iPrEx 10,27,30 , US PrEP Demonstration Project 39,40 , and PrEPare 36,37 ) and study extension (PrePare ATN 08 3MV 38 , ATN 117 35 , ADAPT Study 29 , HPTN 073 33 , DISCOVER 32,41 , and PROUD 28 .”
BackgroundMethodPatel, Y. S., & Malvestutto, C. (2024) · Journal of AIDS and HIV Treatment · doi:10.33696/aids.6.047 · Cited by 3
Exploring the harm reduction paradigm: the role of Board-Certified Psychiatric Pharmacists
Douglass, A. R., Maister, A. J., Moeller, K. E., Salwan, A., Vallabh, A., Waters, K., & Payne, G. H. (2024) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2024.08.253 · Cited by 5
What's new in bone disease and fractures in HIV?
Álvarez-Barco, E., & Mallon, P. W. G. (2021) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000682 · Cited by 3
“ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMD, rved. www.co-hivandaids.com 187 (PrEP).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuidance for the prescription of human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis in Singapore
Choy, C. Y., Wong, C. S., Kumar, P. A., Yeo, B. K. W., Banerjee, S., Leow, Y., Olszyna, D. P., Tan, K. K., Tan, R. K. J., Ti, J., et al. (2022) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2022043 · Cited by 3
“[16] Similar to TDF, TAF can treat HBV infection.”
BackgroundSexually Transmitted Infections
Koeppe, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94632-6_6 · Cited by 3
Hughes, J. M., Tan, D. H. S., Anderson, P. L., Bodhinayake, J., & MacPherson, P. A. (2021) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462420971125 · Cited by 3
Self-citationFeinstein, B. A., Chang, C. J., Bunting, S. R., Bahrke, J., Hazra, A., & Garber, S. S. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02337-0 · Cited by 3
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis: Meeting the Needs of Transgender Populations
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Schmidt, D., Kollan, C., Gunsenheimer‐Bartmeyer, B., Bremer, V., Schikowski, T., Friebe, M., Schellberg, S., Scholten, S., Bickel, M., Hanhoff, N., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1791996/v1 · Cited by 3
Editorial: World AIDS Day 2022: putting ourselves to the test: achieving equity to end HIV
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Hiransuthikul, A., Thammajaruk, N., Kerr, S. J., Janamnuaysook, R., Nonenoy, S., Hongchookiat, P., Trichavaroj, R., Tawon, Y., Boonruang, J., Teeratakulpisarn, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.26502 · Cited by 2
Self-citationJordan, R., Archin, N. M., Cagno, V., Feng, J. Y., Guo, H., Herrero, L. J., Janeba, Z., Meanwell, N. A., Moffat, J. F., Neyts, J. H., et al. (2025) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106222 · Cited by 2
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Mancuso, N., & Sullivan, P. S. (2025) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.09.010 · Cited by 2
Cernasev, A., Angell, H., Derefinko, K. J., Kumar, S., & Cory, T. J. (2025) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.09.005 · Cited by 2
Present and future of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a narrative review
VITO, A. D., Colpani, A., Moi, G., Minisci, D., Focà, E., Calcagno, A., Nunnari, G., & Madeddu, G. (2025) · Future Virology · doi:10.1080/17460794.2025.2580192 · Cited by 2
Formulation development of a dapivirine-releasing subdermal implant for HIV prevention
Wang, S., Murtadha, R. Z., & Malcolm, K. R. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126524 · Cited by 2
Carstens, R. P., Kapoor, Y., Vargo, R. C., Bhattacharyya, A., Garrett, G. C., Cilissen, C., Adedoyin, A. B., Zang, X., Denef, J., Leyssens, C., et al. (2026) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciag135 · Cited by 2
“Daily oral tenofo-vir alafenamide (TAF) plus FTC has emerged as another efficacious option for PrEP [5]; however, due to limited efficacy and safety data, FTC/TAF is not indicated for individuals who may be exposed to HIV via receptive vaginal sex [7].”
Iannuzzi, S., Müller, M., Yu, Y., Zhang, L., Hendrix, C. W., Bies, R. R., & von Kleist, M. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72907-6 · Cited by 2
“…had detectable TFVin the intervention arm and 0% of those infected in the intervention arm had detectable plasma TFV. DISCOVER assessed TAF/FTC-based daily oral PrEP with vs. oral TDF/FTC-based daily oral PrEP (control arm) in 5387 MSM amounting to 8756 person years observation time 28 .”
Boot, A., & Deas, C. M. (2022) · INNOVATIONS in pharmacy · doi:10.24926/iip.v13i4.4794 · Cited by 2
“These recommendations for daily PrEP were supported by evidence from the landmark iPREX and DISCOVER trials, which demonstrated a lower risk of HIV acquisition in patients with evidence of good adherence to the PrEP regimen [23, 24].”
ResultUpdated USPSTF Recommendations for Preexposure Prophylaxis—New Choices, New Obstacles
Cantos, V. D., Kelley, C. F., & del Rı́o, C. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3929 · Cited by 2
Zivich, P. N., Cole, S. R., Edwards, J. K., Glidden, D. V., Das, M., Shook‐Sa, B. E., Shao, Y., Mehrotra, M., Adimora, A. A., & Eron, J. J. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad507 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLiang, J., Zhai, L., Liang, Z., Chen, X., Jiang, Y., Lin, Y., Feng, S., Liu, Y., Zhao, W., & Wang, F. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12010019 · Cited by 2
“Currently, the primary pre-exposure prophylactic drugs for HIV-1 that have been marketed are Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) [2,3] and Dapivirine [4,5].”
BackgroundHow Would You Manage HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in This Patient With Medical Comorbidities?
Libman, H., Krakower, D., Taylor, J. L., & Burns, R. B. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m24-0217 · Cited by 2
“Unfortunately, ef fi cacy data for TAF/FTC and CAB-LA are unavailable for many historically underserved populations.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcMahan, V., Atkins, D. L., Buckler, S., Violette, L. R., Niemann, L. A., Frank, N. D., Waters, K., Perales, L. E. H., Viquez, L., Tung, E. L., et al. (2024) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624241244835 · Cited by 2
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“A search of both published and grey literature was conducted [4,6,23-33].”
BackgroundSynthesis of fluorinated six-membered nitrogen heterocycles using microwave irradiation
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Tsuchiya, K., Tran, H. T., Kawashima, A., Watanabe, K., Hamada, A., Oka, S., & Gatanaga, H. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2024.10.009 · Cited by 2
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Self-citationBudget Impact of Eliminating Medicaid Prior Authorizations for Antiretrovirals in Washington State
Golden, M. R., Taketomo, R. T., Pistoresi, R., & Sullivan, D. (2025) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000002136 · Cited by 2
“19,20 24 Despite this, almost half of all people on PrEP in the United States in 2022 were on TAF/FTC. 16 In contrast, as of 2021, only 13% of PrEP users insured through WA Medicaid were on TAF/FTC, suggesting that PAs may have limited TAF/FTC use, saving the state millions of dollars.”
Sattar, B., Beach, R., & Johnson, P. C. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09437-2 · Cited by 2
Mésplède, T. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1902504 · Cited by 2
“The DISCOVER clinical trial enrolled 5,387 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) at-risk for HIV acquisition based on either self-reported behavior or recent acquisition of other sexually transmitted diseases [21,29].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhillips, P. P. J., & Glidden, D. V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52677-5_98-1 · Cited by 2
El latín bíblico y el español medieval hasta el 1300: Gonzalo de Berceo
de la Fuente, O. G. (1981) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 2
New HIV prevention approaches: promise, praxis, and pitfalls
Mayer, K. H., Phanuphak, N., Mgodi, N. M., & Grinsztejn, B. G. J. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01351-4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRogers, B. G., Murphy, M., Zanowick-Marr, A., Chambers, L. C., Maynard, M. A., Galipeau, D., Toma, E., Almonte, A. A., Napoleon, S. C., & Chan, P. A. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-03978-5 · Cited by 2
Perri, G. D. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.53854/liim-3103-3 · Cited by 2
Mugambi, C., Tecla, T., Farquhar, C., Kinuthia, J., David, B., Mbogo, L., Gitau, E., William, S., & Monroe‐Wise, A. (2026) · Advances in Public Health · doi:10.1155/adph/7780305 · Cited by 3
Deese, J., Heffron, R. A., Jaspan, H. B., Masson, L., Smit, J. A., & Sibeko, S. (2021) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000627 · Cited by 2
Fanconi syndrome in a patient receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: case report
Drak, D., Lin, J., Gowers, A., & Gracey, D. M. (2022) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh21185 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Mayer, K. H., Molina, J.-M., Thompson, M. A., Anderson, P. L., Mounzer, K. C., De Wet, J. J., DeJesus, E., Jessen, H., Grant, R. M., Ruane, P. J., Wong, P., Ebrahimi, R., Zhong, L., Mathias, A., Callebaut, C., Collins, S. E., Das, M., McCallister, S., Brainard, D. M., Brinson, C., Clarke, A., Coll, P., Post, F. A., & Hare, C. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Philadelphia Fight (US)
- Orlando Immunology Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Ruane Medical (US)
- Gilead Sciences (United States) (US)
- National Health Service (GB)
- IrsiCaixa (ES)
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Das, Moupali
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 396
- Issue
- 10246
- Pages
- 239-254
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC9665936
- OpenAlex
- W3045256412
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 8.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gilead Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, HIV prevention, non-inferiority, men who have sex with men, transgender women, renal safety, bone safety, antiviral efficacy, sexually transmitted infections
- MeSH terms
- Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination, Sexual and Gender Minorities, Adenine, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, North America, Placebos, Safety, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Prevalence, Treatment Outcome, Homosexuality, Male, Anti-HIV Agents, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
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