How can we test clinical reasoning?
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Clinical expertise is founded on a broad fund of knowledge and effective memory networks that allow easy access to that knowledge.
“Such assessment research permits the conclusion that clinical expertise is founded on a broad fund of knowledge and effective memory networks that allow easy access to that knowledge.”
From Test-enhanced learning in medical education (2008) · cites this paper as [35]
Response format is not as important as the content of the question.
“Therefore, the conclusion followed that response format is not as important as the content of the question.35”
From Test-enhanced learning in medical education (2008) · cites this paper as [35]
Cites
Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning
Elstein, A. S., Shulman, L. S., & Sprafka, S. A. (1978) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674189089 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
A cognitive perspective on medical expertise
Schmidt, H. G., Norman, G. R., & Boshuizen, H. P. A. (1990) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-199010000-00001 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
The effect of assessments and examinations on the learning of medical students
Newble, D. I., & Jaeger, K. (1983) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1983.tb00657.x · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationSIMULATION TECHNIQUE IN THE MEASUREMENT OF PROBLEM‐SOLVING SKILLS1
McGUIRE, C. H., & Babbott, D. (1967) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1967.tb00562.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Certification and Recertification of Doctors: Issues in the Assessment of Clinical Competence
Newble, D. I., Jolly, B. C., & Wakeford, R. E. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6961.1096 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL COMPETENCE: WRITTEN AND COMPUTER‐BASED SIMULATIONS
Swanson, D. B., Norcini, J. J., & Grosso, L. J. (1987) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0260293870120307 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Guidelines for assessing clinical competence
Newble, D. I., Dawson, B. K., Dauphinee, D. W., Page, G., Macdonald, M. M., Swanson, D. B., Mulholland, H., Thomson, A. N., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (1994) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401339409539680 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Evaluation of a Computer Simulation in the Assessment of Physician Competence
Norcini, J. J., Meskauskas, J. A., Langdon, L. O., & Webster, G. D. (1986) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/016327878600900302 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Feletti, G. I. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90015-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The assessment of professional competence: Developments, research and practical implications
Van Der Vleuten, C. P. M. (1996) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/bf00596229 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Test-enhanced learning in medical education
Larsen, D. P., Butler, A. C., & Roediger III, H. L. (2008) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03124.x · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Larsen, D. P., Butler, A. C., & Roediger III, H. L. (2009) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03518.x · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Coderre, S. P., Harasym, P., Mandin, H., & Fick, G. (2004) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-4-23 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
- Authors
- van der Vleuten, C., & Newble, D. I.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-04
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 8956
- Pages
- 1032-1034
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2025044125
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 8.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Keywords
- clinical reasoning, clinical reasoning assessment, medical education
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Competence, Decision Making, Education, Medical, Educational Measurement, Clinical Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
