The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This task is highly correlated with other measures of working memory [33,42].”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“only weak associations have been found between processing speed and either fluid intelligence or working memory [33]”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
A feature-integration theory of attention.
Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 · Cited by 12,366
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070 · cited 2×
“The demand for controlled attention is thought to be satisfied by the central executive, which they argue to be equivalent to what Norman and Shallice (1986) refer to as the supervisory attentional system and related to what Posner and Peterson (1990) refer to as the anterior attentional system.”
BackgroundIndividual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
Salthouse, T. A. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403 · Cited by 5,902 · cited 6×
“There is evidence to suggest that processing speed may be an important factor underlying developmental differences in cognitive ability in childhood (Fry & Hale, 1996) and in aging (Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAttention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986) · Consciousness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 · Cited by 4,455
(1998) · Cited by 4,172
Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211 · Cited by 3,498
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,395
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Conway, 1999, Is Spearman's g determined by speed or working memory capacity?, Psycoloquy, 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
The Simple Memory Span Experiment: A Behavioral Analysis
Bachelder, B. L., & Delprato, D. J. (2017) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-017-0222-7 · Cited by 3
Corrective feedback and working memory capacity: A replication
Goo, J. (2016) · Cited by 3
Kim, Y. A., Park, H., & Kim, Y. T. (2019) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.19634 · Cited by 3
DIGITS BACKWARD AND THE CHILDREN'S EMBEDDED FIGURES TEST AMONG SCHOOL-AGE SPANISH CHILDREN
GUISAND, M. A. (2008) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.107.7.923-932 · Cited by 3
The role of working memory capacity and mind wandering in creativity and insight
Smeekens, B. A. (2013) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 3
Johnson, A. (2015) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) · Cited by 3
Adam, K. C. S., Doss, M. K., Pabon, E., Vogel, E. K., & de Wit, H. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/778068 · Cited by 3
Kovacs, K., & Conway, A. R. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.04.005 · Cited by 3
Self-citationAubry, A., Gonthier, C., & Bourdin, B. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yeqnz · Cited by 3
Xie, W., Campbell, S., & Zhang, W. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3j69f · Cited by 4
Do attentional lapses account for the worst performance rule?Preprint
Löffler, C., Frischkorn, G. T., Rummel, J., Hagemann, D., & Schubert, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tdrn8 · Cited by 2
Morey, C. C., Morey, R. D., van der Reijden, M., & Holweg, M. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e520602012-060 · Cited by 3
Slow Oscillations Modulate Functional Brain Changes Supporting Working MemoryPreprint
Zhang, J., Chen, P., Mednick, S. C., & Tambini, A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594161 · Cited by 3
Pakulak, E. (2008) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 3
Children’s working memory develops at similar rates for sequences differing in compressibility
Mathy, F., Fartoukh, M., Friedman, O., Gauvrit, N., & Guida, A. (2020) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.202.0175 · Cited by 2
Niazi, S., & Adil, A. (2021) · Journal of Education and Educational Development · doi:10.22555/joeed.v8i2.527 · Cited by 2
P3b correlates of inspection time
Pei, Y., Wang, Z., & Lee, T. M. C. (2024) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.03.002 · Cited by 2
Wei, W., & Shen, S. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102372 · Cited by 2
Deja, M., Zając-Lamparska, L., & Trempała, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1499924 · Cited by 2
Penhale, S. H., Waters, A. B., Sarkar, S., McQuillan, L. E., Maczuzak, J., Datta, S., Lamb, D. G., Robertson, C. S., Rubenstein, R., Wagner, A. K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0566 · Cited by 2
Stable tendencies in spontaneous working memory usage during flexible behaviour
Kumle, L., Li, A., Kovoor, J., Rock, A. G., Hesselink, E., Jones, E., Brosnan, M., Nobre, A. C., & Draschkow, D. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-02955-y · Cited by 1
Filičková, M., Ropovik, I., Bobaková, M., & Kovalčíková, I. (2015) · Journal of Pedagogy / Pedagogický casopis · doi:10.1515/jped-2015-0002 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Computerized Dynamic Assessment on Working Memory Span of EFL Learners while Listening
Estaji, M., & Safari, F. (2020) · The Journal of AsiaTEFL · doi:10.18823/asiatefl.2020.17.3.30.1132 · Cited by 2
The Auditory Consonant Trigram (ACT) Test: A norm updating study for university students
Kademli, M., Ertan-Kaya, Ö., Salman, F., Tavat, B. C., & Baran, Z. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1986509 · Cited by 2
Gelişimsel Dil Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Sözel Bellek Süreçlerinin İncelenmesi
İşleyen, S. S., Karakulak, N., Şıklar, K., & Acar, B. (2022) · Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.58563/dkyad-2022.53.5 · Cited by 2
Gonthier, C., & Gavornikova-Baligand, Z. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02659-8 · Cited by 2
Scarfo, J., Suleyman, E., & Ball, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15504 · Cited by 3
Dong, T., Lulu, X. U., & Wen, H. E. (2023) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.01344 · Cited by 2
Mental counters as an online tool for assessing working memory capacity
Hildenbrand, L., & Wiley, J. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02180-8 · Cited by 3
Li, S., Wang, S., Ji, H., Tian, N., Xu, L., Chen, W., & Ding, X. (2024) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-024-01996-z · Cited by 2
Jung, J., Zhang, W., & Lee, M. (2025) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/itl.24001.jun · Cited by 2
Using Cognitive Diagnostic Models to Evaluate the Two-Process Theory of Matrix Reasoning
Preuß, J., & Preckel, F. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13020022 · Cited by 3
Chung, Y. H., Shlipak, K., & Störmer, V. S. (2025) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2025.104648 · Cited by 2
Palomino, E., López-Frutos, J. M., & Sotillo, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225009 · Cited by 3
Wilson, S. J. (2008) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
Memória pictórica e inteligência: duas evidências de validade
Rueda, F. J. M., Cecílio‐Fernandes, D., & Sisto, F. F. (2008) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.12957/epp.2008.10562 · Cited by 2
Operation span task's susceptibility to math anxiety: Support from fluid intelligence
Durette, R. T. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/2344950 · Cited by 2
‘Children at Risk’ of Poor Educational Outcomes: Insights from a (Neuro-)Cognitive Perspective
Schmid, J., & Hasselhorn, M. (2014) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-014-9260-8 · Cited by 3
Arbeitsgedächtnisprofile von Kindern unterschiedlicher Begabungsniveaus
Schuchardt, K., & Mähler, C. (2012) · Lernen und Lernstörungen · doi:10.1024/2235-0977/a000017 · Cited by 2
Chuderski, A. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.55043 · Cited by 2
A New Integrated Model for Multitasking during Web Searching
Alexopoulou, P., Morris, A., & Hepworth, M. E. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.088 · Cited by 2
Filgueiras, A., Landeira-Fernández, J., & Charchat‐Fichman, H. (2013) · Cited by 2
Facilitation of Forensic Analysis Using a Narrative Template
Hopkins, S., Wilson, A. T., Silva, A., & Forsythe, C. (2015) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.674 · Cited by 2
Kempe, M., Thomas, M., & Memmert, D. (2016) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2016.1168767 · Cited by 2
Investigating Simulation-Based Pattern Recognition Training For Behavior Cue Detection
Maraj, C. S. (2015) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 2
Multimedia vs. Analogue Text: Learning Outcome and the Importance of Short-Term Memory Capacity
Torgersen, G.-E., & Sæverot, H. (2016) · Arts and Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.4172/2151-6200.1000224 · Cited by 2
Cognition and Predictors of Password Selection and Usability
Loos, L. A., & Crosby, M. E. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91467-1_10 · Cited by 2
Creative Discourse as a Means of Exploring and Developing Human Creativity
Michailidis, T., & Paschalidou, G. (2018) · Advances in linguistics and communication studies · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6992-3.ch003 · Cited by 2
Validation of a Simulation Algorithm for Safety-Critical Human Multitasking
Broccia, G., Milazzo, P., Belviso, C., & Montiel, C. B. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54994-7_8 · Cited by 2
Improving Short-Term Memory Performance of Healthy Young Males Using Alpha Band Neurofeedback
Gökşin, B., Yılmaz, B., & İçöz, K. (2019) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.6.1.15 · Cited by 2
OF BYTES AND BRAIN ? INFORMATICS EDUCATION MEETS NEURODIDACTICS
Sabitzer, B., & Antonitsch, P. K. (2012) · Cited by 2
赵, 鑫., 周, 仁., 刘, 丹., & 王, 一. (2011) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb2011-56-17-1345 · Cited by 2
Vucicevic, B. (2023) · Theoretical and experimental psychology · doi:10.11621/tep-23-04 · Cited by 2
Time sharing in working memory processing.
Barrouillet, P., Camos, V., Minamoto, T., Nishiyama, S., Chooi, W.-T., Morita, A., Logie, R. H., & Saito, S. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001261 · Cited by 1
Muñoz, E., Hyun, J., Diaz, J. A., Scott, S., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116807 · Cited by 2
Improving Intelligence by Increasing Working Memory Capacity
Chooi, W.-T. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
The Plasticity of Working Memory Updating Ability
Xin, Z. H. A. O., & Zhou, R. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01521 · Cited by 2
Mun, C. J., Karoly, P., & Okun, M. A. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000569 · Cited by 2
Cálculo mental en niños y su relación con habilidades cognitivas
Formoso, J., Injoque-Ricle, I., Jacubovich, S., & Barreyro, J. (2017) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.1016/j.aipprr.2017.11.004 · Cited by 2
Theoretical and Clinical Foundations of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition
Weiss, L. G., Holdnack, J. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Prifitera, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815744-2.00004-5 · Cited by 2
Temperament Predicts Processing Speed in Low Socioeconomic Status Rural Preschoolers
Hermida, M. J., Segretin, M. S., Shalóm, D. E., Lopez‐Rosenfeld, M., Abril, M. C., Lipina, S. J., & Sigman, M. (2019) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12216 · Cited by 2
Thissen, A., Spinath, F. M., & Becker, N. (2019) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000534 · Cited by 2
Associations between working memory and simple addition in kindergarteners and first graders
Lee, C., Cheung, K.-Y., Lau, H.-Y., Lui, T., Mak, H.-C., & Yuen, P.-L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01362-x · Cited by 1
Grabner, R. H., & Stern, E. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1445344 · Cited by 2
Sorenson, S. M. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2
Brain function and behaviour related to development and training of working memory
Olesen, J. (2005) · Figshare · Cited by 2
A Critical Evaluation of Selective Attention Measures
Wilson, H. K. (2015) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University) · Cited by 2
Strategy selection and strategy efficiency in mental arithmetic
Imbo, I. (2007) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 2
Predicting cognitive abilities across individuals using sparse EEG connectivityPreprint
Hakim, N., Awh, E., Vogel, E. K., & Rosenberg, M. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216705 · Cited by 2
Working Memory Capacity: Is There a Bilingual Advantage?
Ratiu, I., & Azuma, T. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e572422013-030 · Cited by 2
Individual differences in musical training and executive functions: A latent variable approachPreprint
Okada, B. M., & Slevc, L. R. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ymn5c · Cited by 2
Epstein, R., Bordyug, M., Chen, Y.-H., Chen, Y., Ginther, A., Kirkish, G., & Stead, H. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3930715 · Cited by 1
Δημητρίου, Α., Golino, H. F., Spanoudis, G. C., MAKRIS, N., & Greiff, S. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ykde3 · Cited by 2
Inferring Neurocognition and Intelligence using Brain MRIPreprint
Hussain, M. A., Grant, P. E., & Ou, Y. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0452.v1 · Cited by 2
Inferring Neurocognition and Intelligence using Brain MRIPreprint
Hussain, M. A., Grant, P. E., & Ou, Y. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0452.v2 · Cited by 1
Short–Term Memory Capacity Across Time and Language Estimated from Ancient and Modern Literary TextsPreprint
Matricciani, E. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0543.v1 · Cited by 2
Gountas, J., & Moraes, M. (2024) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/sz5zyz · Cited by 2
Contribution of working memory to gesture production in toddlers
Güneş‐Acar, N., Ercan, İ., Küntay, A. C., & Aksu-Koç, A. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101113 · Cited by 1
There Is Nothing Wrong With Cognitive Aging, and Here Is What to Do About It
Verhaeghen, P. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197528976.003.0014 · Cited by 1
An item response theory approach to the measurement of working memory capacity
Navarro, E., Hao, H., Rosales, K. P., & Conway, A. R. A. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02115-3 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBundil, I., Baltruschat, S., & Zhang, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083968 · Cited by 1
Matricciani, E. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16100847 · Cited by 1
Campo, F. F., Carlomagno, F., Vuust, P., Haumann, N. T., Bonetti, L., Grube, M., & Brattico, E. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115884 · Cited by 1
Alhwaiti, M. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2026.2626517 · Cited by 1
Orzechowski, J., & Nȩcka, E. (2011) · Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) · doi:10.2478/v10167-010-0039-3 · Cited by 1
Kilman, L. (2015) · Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-121034 · Cited by 1
Cent ans après Binet : quoi de neuf sur l'intelligence de l'enfant ?
Lautrey, J. (2006) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.481.0133 · Cited by 1
Using a Modified Lag Task to Measure Adult Age Differences in Working Memory
Remick, O. V., Ross, D. F., Metzger, R. L., Benton, T., & Shelton, J. T. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/10.22.23.pr0.110.3.709-718 · Cited by 1
N -Back and CogMed Working Memory Training: Proceed With Caution
Gillam, R. B., & Gillam, S. L. (2012) · Perspectives on Language Learning and Education · doi:10.1044/lle19.3.108 · Cited by 1
A Review on a Construct of Working Memory and Its Role in L1 and L2 Reading Comprehension
오은주 (2011) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.66.1.201103.3 · Cited by 1
Domain-Specific Storage/Processing and Domain-General Cross-Domain Processing in Working Memory
Park, H., & Li, H.-C. (2009) · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 · doi:10.22172/cogbio.2009.21.1.001 · Cited by 1
Exploring the Time-Based Resource-Sharing Model of Working Memory Through Computational Modeling
Glavan, J. J. (2017) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
현주석 (2017) · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 · doi:10.22172/cogbio.2017.29.3.005 · Cited by 1
Working memory capacity and strategy use in second language learning
Najjari, R., & Mohammadi, M. (2018) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/itl.17011.naj · Cited by 1
Sensing change in batch reactors
Ashe, R., Littlejohn, D., Nordon, A., & Allan, P. (2008) · Cited by 1
Epstein, R., Bordyug, M., Chen, Y.-H., Chen, Y., Ginther, A., Kirkish, G., & Stead, H. (2022) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01398-y · Cited by 2
The effect of sentence length on question comprehension in children with cochlear implants
DeLuca, Z. W., Schwartz, R. G., Marton, K., Houston, D. M., Ying, E. A., Steinman, S. B., & Drakopoulou, G. (2022) · Cochlear Implants International · doi:10.1080/14670100.2022.2136591 · Cited by 1
Sprachentwicklung und Sprachbewusstheit
Akbulut, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-39229-1_3 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Training and Rehabilitation in Aging
KARLI, H., & Can, H. (2023) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1229218 · Cited by 1
Juras, L., Martinčević, M., & Vranić, A. (2025) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2025.2452496 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J., & Minkoff, S. R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Conway, Andrew R.A
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163-183
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139913331
- Cited by
- 1,108
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 36.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Keywords
- working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, latent variable structure, young adults, cognitive architecture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review