Long-term working memory.

Ericsson, K. Anders; Kintsch, Walter

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211

Cited by 3,498Cognitive Abilities and TestingMemory Processes and InfluencesReading and Literacy Development

Long-term working memory.

Ericsson, K. Anders, Kintsch, Walter·1995·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211

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Abstract

To account for the large demands on working memory during text comprehension and expert performance, the traditional models of working memory involving temporary storage must be extended to include working memory based on storage in long-term memory. In the proposed theoretical framework cognitive processes are viewed as a sequence of stable states representing end products of processing. In skilled activities, acquired memory skills allow these end products to be stored in long-term memory and kept directly accessible by means of retrieval cues in short-term memory, as proposed by skilled memory theory. These theoretical claims are supported by a review of evidence on memory in text comprehension and expert performance in such domains as mental calculation, medical diagnosis, and chess.

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From Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later (2019) · cites this paper as Ericsson and Kintsch (1995)
The capacity and duration limits of working memory are eliminated when working memory deals with familiar information organized in long-term memory rather than unfamiliar information from the environment.
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From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Ericsson and Kintsch 1995
Individuals are thought to be able to extend domain-specific long-term working memory with experience in a given field despite the traditional supposition that working memory itself is static.
“In addition to the efficiency afforded by schema creation, individuals are thought to be able to extend domain-specific long-term working memory with experience in a given field despite the traditional supposition that working memory itself is static (Ericsson and Kintsch 1995).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Ericsson and Kintsch 1995

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Kintsch, W. (1993) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539309544837 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individual differences in bridging inference processes
Singer, M., Andruslak, P., Reisdorf, P., & Black, N. L. (1992) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03199586 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Recall memory for visually presented chess positions
Frey, P. W., & Adesman, P. (1976) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213216 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Mental models and the fan effect.
Radvansky, G. A., & Zacks, R. T. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.5.940 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The generality of the levels of processing hypothesis: An application to memory for chess positions
Lane, D. M., & Robertson, L. T. (1979) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197597 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Concurrent verbal reports on text comprehension: A review
Ericsson, K. A. (1988) · Text and Talk · doi:10.1515/text.1.1988.8.4.295 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues.
(1992) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10564-000 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Surface forms, textbases, and situation models: Recognition memory for three types of textual information
Fletcher, C. R., & Chrysler, S. T. (1990) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539009544752 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Short-term storage in reading
Glanzer, M., Fischer, B., & Dorfman, D. H. (1984) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90300-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Interactions Among Aptitudes, Strategies, and Knowledge in Cognitive Performance
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Integrated knowledge in different tasks: The role of retrieval strategy on fan effects.
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Motor-skill experts in sports, dance, and other domains.
Allard, F., & Starkes, J. L. (1991) · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Expertise in chess: The balance between knowledge and search.
Charness, N. H. (1991) · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Immediate Memory and Discourse Processing
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Strategies for the allocation of short-term memory during comprehension
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Skilled memory and expert mental calculation.
Staszewski, J. J. (1988) · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Memory in everyday life
DAVIES, G. M., & Logie, R. H. (1993) · Cited by 99 · see citing works
How readers construct situation models for stories. The role of suntactic cues and causal inferences
Kintsch, W. (1995) · Typological studies in language · doi:10.1075/tsl.31.06kin · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Life-span components of text processing: structural and procedural differences
Spilich, G. J. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90178-0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Recall by expert medical practitioners and novices as a record of processing attention.
Norman, G. R., Brooks, L. R., & Allen, S. W. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1166 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
AN EXCEPTIONAL TALENT FOR CALCULATIVE THINKING
Hunter, I. M. L. (1962) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1962.tb00831.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Chess players' recall of auditorily presented chess positions
Saariluoma, P. O. (1989) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541448908403091 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Short-term memory processes in text comprehension
Fletcher, C. R. (1981) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90183-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The construction-integration model: A framework for studying memory for text.
Kintsch, W., & Welsch, D. M. (1991) · doi:10.4324/9780203772331-29 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Memory search without interference: The role of integration
Myers, J. L., O’Brien, E. J., Balota, D. A., & Toyofuku, M. L. (1984) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(84)90008-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
A model of problem solving with incomplete constraint knowledge
Karat, J. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90018-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Updating of Human Memory
Bjork, R. A. (1978) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60011-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Processing of critical information by physicians and medical students
Coughlin, L., & Patel, V. L. (1987) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-198710000-00005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Writing quality, reading skills, and domain knowledge as factors in text comprehension.
Moravcsik, J. E., & Kintsch, W. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/h0078823 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
An experimental analysis of the mechanisms of a memory skill.
Ericsson, K. A., & Polson, P. G. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.2.305 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
A cognitive architecture for comprehension.
Kintsch, W. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10564-006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recall of medical information by students and doctors
CLAESSEN, H. F. A., & Boshuizen, H. P. A. (1985) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1985.tb01140.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Role of High-Level Knowledge in Memory for Chess Positions
Cooke, N. J., Atlas, R. S., Lane, D. M., & Berger, R. C. (1993) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423181 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Error in chess: The apperception-restructuring view
Saariluoma, P. O. (1992) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf01359219 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Aspects of skilled imagery in blindfold chess
Saariluoma, P. O. (1991) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(91)90065-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Three recency effects at the same time
Watkins, M. J., & Peyn⌝rc⌝oǧlu, Z. F. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90237-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Influence of Domain Knowledge on Inferencing In Low-Aptitude Individuals
Yekovich, F. R., Walker, C., Ogle, L. T., & Thompson, M. A. (1990) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60259-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Short-term memory function in young readers
Farnham-Diggory, S., & Gregg, L. W. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(75)90091-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Great Mental Calculators
Smith, S. B. (1983) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Comprehension and working memory: A single case neuropsychological study
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The role of pronominalization and ellipsis in texts: Some memory experiments.
Bates, E. A., Kintsch, W., Fletcher, C. R., & Giuliani, M. V. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.6.676 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of experimental design in investigations of the fan effect.
Moeser, S. D. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.5.2.125 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Memory for the surface structure of sentences: Remembering with and without awareness
Masson, M. E. J. (1984) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90364-5 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Short-term memory: A brief commentary
Shiffrin, R. M. (1993) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202732 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Further explorations with a process model for water jug problems
Atwood, M. E., Masson, M. E. J., & Polson, P. G. (1980) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213422 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Skilled memory in expert figure skaters
Deakin, J. M., & Allard, F. (1991) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198498 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Short-Term Storage and the Processing of Cohesion during Reading
Fischer, B., & Glanzer, M. (1986) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748608401607 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
STM capacity for Chinese and English language materials
Yu, B.-L., Zhang, W., Jing, Q., Ruixiang, P., Zhang, G., & Simon, H. A. (1985) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197682 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Formation of a mental abacus for computation and its use as a memory device for digits: A developmental study.
Hatano, G., Amaiwa, S., & Shimizu, K. (1987) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.6.832 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Studies in Visual and Auditory Memory Span with Special Reference to Reading Disability
Rizzo, N. D. (1939) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1939.11010163 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
VISUAL AND SPEECH IMAGERY
Weber, R. J., & Bach, M. (1969) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1969.tb01192.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Short- and long-term memory retrieval: A comparison of the effects of information load and relatedness.
Jones, W., & Anderson, J. R. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.116.2.137 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Human Learning and Memory
Estes, W. K. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70094-1_29 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Memory for conversations∗
Hjelmquist, E. (1984) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638538409544595 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Speed of information processing in a calculating prodigy
Jensen, A. R. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(90)90019-p · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Updating memory using mnemonic devices
Bellezza, F. S. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90012-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
One man's memory: A study of a mnemonist
Gordon, P. E., Valentine, E. R., & Wilding, J. P. H. (1984) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1984.tb02784.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Integration of topic and subordinate information during reading.
Lorch, R. F. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1071 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Converging Methods for Investigating Lexical Access
Posner, M. I., & McCandliss, B. D. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00569.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Imagery experts: How do expert abacus operators process imagery?
Hishitani, S. (1990) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350040104 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Memory Mechanisms In Text Comprehension
Glanzer, M., & Donnenwerth-Nolan, S. (1986) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60021-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Memory for stimuli and memory for hypotheses in concept identification.
Coltheart, V. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031182 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
On the role of sign order and morphological structure in memory for American sign language sentences
Hanson, V. L., & Bellugi, U. (1982) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(82)90809-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chapter 5 Visuo-spatial interference and apperception in chess
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Searching circular sequences.
Weber, R. J., Cross, M., & Carlton, M. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026639 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Metered memory search
Weber, R. J., & Castleman, J. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332706 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Metered memory search with implicit and explicit scanning.
Weber, R. J., & Blagowsky, J. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029105 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
In the Dark
Koltanowski, G. (1986) · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?
Baddeley, A. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01538-2 · Cited by 7,359 · see citing works
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779 · see citing works
Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1 · Cited by 6,887 · see citing works
A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge.
Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.104.2.211 · Cited by 6,282 · see citing works
Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
Baddeley, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1201 · Cited by 5,200 · see citing works
Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies
Baddeley, A. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 · Cited by 4,271 · see citing works
Deliberate Practice and the Acquisition and Maintenance of Expert Performance in Medicine and Related Domains
Ericsson, K. A. (2004) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200410001-00022 · Cited by 2,988 · see citing works
Self-citation
Situation models in language comprehension and memory
Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162 · Cited by 2,877 · see citing works
Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?
Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J., & Scanlon, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x · Cited by 2,555 · see citing works
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later
Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09465-5 · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory and Complex Learning: Recent Developments and Future Directions
van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Sweller, J. (2005) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3951-0 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
Expert performance: its structure and acquisition.
Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.725 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
Self-citation
Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: a general overview
Anders Ericsson, K. (2008) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance
Ericsson, K. A. (2006) · The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816796.038 · Cited by 1,629 · see citing works
Self-citation
Children's Reading Comprehension Ability: Concurrent Prediction by Working Memory, Verbal Ability, and Component Skills.
Cain, K., Oakhill, J., & Bryant, P. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.1.31 · Cited by 1,496 · see citing works
Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced?
Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Event perception: a mind-brain perspective
Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., Swallow, K. M., Braver, T. S., & Reynolds, J. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.273 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Do “brain-training” programs work?
Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2016) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100616661983 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Topics in semantic representation
Griffiths, T. L., Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.2.211 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J., & Minkoff, S. R. B. (2002) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00096-4 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Expertise Reversal Effect and Its Implications for Learner-Tailored Instruction
Kalyuga, S. (2007) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9054-3 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
“The concept of long-term working memory ( Ericsson and Kintsch 1995 ) that includes structures created by long-term memory schemas associated with currently active components of working memory, may provide a specific mechanism for the executive role of our knowledge base.”
Background
The Mind and Brain of Short-Term Memory
Jonides, J., Lewis, R. L., Nee, D. E., Lustig, C. A., Berman, M. G., & Moore, K. S. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093615 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Cognitive load theory and educational technology
Sweller, J. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09701-3 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Training writing skills: a cognitive developmental perspective
Kellogg, R. T. (2008) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2008.01.01.1 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Hierarchical process memory: memory as an integral component of information processing
Hasson, U., Chen, J., & Honey, C. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.04.006 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Topographic mapping of a hierarchy of temporal receptive windows using a narrated story
Lerner, Y., Honey, C. J., Silbert, L. J., & Hasson, U. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3684-10.2011 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Expertise Differences in the Comprehension of Visualizations: a Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking Research in Professional Domains
Gegenfurtner, A., Lehtinen, E., & Säljö, R. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9174-7 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Working Memory and Mathematical Problem Solving in Children at Risk and Not at Risk for Serious Math Difficulties.
Swanson, H. L., & Beebe-Frankenberger, M. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.471 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Interaction in 4-second bursts: the fragmented nature of attentional resources in mobile HCI
Oulasvirta, A., Tamminen, S., Roto, V., & Kuorelahti, J. (2005) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1054972.1055101 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval
Unsworth, N., Fukuda, K., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2014) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
How conscious experience and working memory interact
Baars, B. J., & Franklin, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00056-1 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
A meta-analysis on the relation between reading and working memory
Peng, P., Barnes, M., Wang, C., Wang, W., Li, S., Swanson, H. L., Dardick, W., & Tao, S. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000124 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Maintaining excellence: Deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists.
Krampe, R. T., & Ericsson, K. A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.4.331 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evolution of human cognitive architecture
Sweller, J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)01015-6 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks
Paas, F., & Sweller, J. (2012) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9179-2 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching
Baddeley, A., Chincotta, D., & Adlam, A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.641 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Instructional Design Consequences of an Analogy between Evolution by Natural Selection and Human Cognitive Architecture
Sweller, J. (2004) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/b:truc.0000021808.72598.4d · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Mathematical problem solving and working memory in children with learning disabilities: Both executive and phonological processes are important
Swanson, H. L., & Sachse-Lee, C. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2587 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Cognitive abilities and superior decision making under risk: A protocol analysis and process model evaluation
Cokely, E. T., & Kelley, C. M. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000067x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Relevance and Goal-Focusing in Text Processing
McCrudden, M. T., & Schraw, G. (2007) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9010-7 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Deliberate practice: Is that all it takes to become an expert?
Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.001 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation and the transient information effect
Leahy, W., & Sweller, J. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1787 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review
von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0524-6 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Expert Chess Memory: Revisiting the Chunking Hypothesis
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1998) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741942359 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Working memory capacity and strategy use
McNamara, D. S., & Scott, J. L. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195736 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
An expert‐performance perspective of research on medical expertise: the study of clinical performance
Ericsson, K. A. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02946.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Scientific Study of Expert Levels of Performance: general implications for optimal learning and creativity <sup>1</sup>
Ericsson, K. A. (1998) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/1359813980090106 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citation
Domain-Specific Knowledge and Why Teaching Generic Skills Does Not Work
Tricot, A., & Sweller, J. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9243-1 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Rapid dynamic assessment of expertise to improve the efficiency of adaptive e-learning
Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2005) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504800 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The expert Neandertal mind
Wynn, T., & Coolidge, F. L. (2004) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.005 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The impact of sequencing and prior knowledge on learning mathematics through spreadsheet applications
Clarke, T., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2005) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504794 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“Working memory has no known limitations when dealing with previously learned information stored in long-term memory ( Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995 ).”
Background
Are Mathematics Disabilities Due to a Domain-General or a Domain-Specific Working Memory Deficit?
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Authors: Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
ORCID: Ericsson, K. Anders
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 102
Issue: 2
Pages: 211-245
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211
OpenAlex: W2001467963
Cited by: 3,498
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 212 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 150 · 2012: 162
FWCI: 51.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH 15872)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Keywords: long-term working memory, working memory, text comprehension, expert performance, retrieval cues, short-term memory, mental arithmetic, diagnosis, chess, memory ability
MeSH terms: Aptitude, Attention, Concept Formation, Humans, Mental Processes, Retention, Psychology

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