The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Tests with high g loadings demand higher cognitive complexity, and tests with low g loadings demand lower cognitive complexity [3,5].”
From Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Black Adults: A Meta-Analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“which is consistently associated with academic, social, and vocational success [20,21].”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Klitgaard, R. E., & Gardner, H. (1984) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.2307/3324560 · Cited by 13,639
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META‐ANALYSIS
BARRICK, M. R., & MOUNT, M. K. (1991) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x · Cited by 8,689
Schwarz, S. (1941) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/schw92626-009 · Cited by 4,698
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
Preston, S. H., Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137757 · Cited by 4,027
Denning, P. J. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/358150.358154 · Cited by 3,927
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,395
Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America
Buckles, S. G., & Jencks, C. (1973) · The Journal of Economic Education · doi:10.2307/1182840 · Cited by 2,364
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform
National Commission on Excellence in Education (1983) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/461348 · Cited by 2,341
Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance.
Hunter, J. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.72 · Cited by 2,107
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Gottfredson, 1985, Education as a valid but fallible signal of worker quality: Reorienting an old debate about the functional basis of the occupational hierarchy, Vol. 5
- 1986, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29
- Gottfredson, 1996, What do we know about intelligence?, American Scholar, 15
- 1988, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33
- Harvey, 1991, Job analysis, Vol. 2
- Hogan, 1991, Physical abilities, Vol. 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,001
Relationship between Physical Prowess and Cognitive Function
García, Ó., & Postigo, S. B. (2012) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n1.37281 · Cited by 11
Structural invariance of multiple intelligences, based on the level of execution.
Almeida, L. S., Prieto, M. D., Ferreira, A. I., Ferrándo, M., Ferrandiz, C., Bermejo, R., & Hernández, D. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 9
Mastery of Communication Skills. Does Intelligence Matter?
Kuntze, J., van der Molen, H. T., & Born, M. P. (2016) · Health Professions Education · doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2016.08.002 · Cited by 11
Coetzer, G. H. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management · doi:10.21818/001c.1161 · Cited by 11
Immediate and long-term memory and their relation to crystallized and fluid intelligence
Martinez, D. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101382 · Cited by 9
Assessing intelligence without intelligence tests. Future perspectives
Koch, M., Becker, N., Spinath, F. M., & Greiff, S. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101596 · Cited by 9
Brand, C. (1996) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(96)90025-2 · Cited by 9
Comment évaluer les compétences clés dans le domaine professionnel ?
Meyers, R., & Houssemand, C. (2006) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2005.07.001 · Cited by 17
Scullin, M. H. (2006) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2006)111[322:lsfimr]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 12
Process Overlap Theory: Strengths, Limitations, and Challenges
Kan, K., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Kievit, R. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1182000 · Cited by 9
Brain Network Mechanisms of General IntelligencePreprint
Sripada, C., Angstadt, M., Rutherford, S. E., & Taxali, A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/657205 · Cited by 10
Classical and Molecular Genetic Research on General Cognitive Ability
McGue, M. K., & Gottesman, I. I. (2015) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.495 · Cited by 8
Root, M. M., Marchis, L. L., White, E., Courville, T., Choi, D., Bray, M. A., Pan, X., & Wayte, J. (2016) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282916669208 · Cited by 8
Wrecked by Success? Not to Worry
Kell, H. J., McCabe, K. O., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211055637 · Cited by 8
López, J. I., Shimotsukasa, T., & Oshio, A. (2023) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100716 · Cited by 8
Dark intelligence: When the possibility of 1984 becomes reality
Sternberg, R. J. (2024) · Possibility Studies & Society · doi:10.1177/27538699241267189 · Cited by 10
The whole-brain N-acetylaspartate correlates with education in normal adults
Glodzik, L., Wu, W. E., Babb, J. S., Achtnichts, L., Amann, M., Sollberger, M. A., Monsch, A. U., Gass, A., & Gonen, O. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.04.013 · Cited by 8
Franić, S., Dolan, C. V., Broxholme, J., Hu, H., Żemojtel, T., Davies, G. E., Nelson, K. A., Ehli, E. A., Pool, R., Hottenga, J., et al. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.12.001 · Cited by 8
Incremental Validity of Personality Measures in Predicting Underwater Performance and Adaptation
Plaza, J. C., Garcés-de-los-Fayos, E. J., García, J. J. L., & Colodro‐Conde, L. (2015) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.16 · Cited by 8
Thorvaldsson, V., Skoog, I. G., & Johansson, B. E. A. (2017) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000150 · Cited by 8
Ziegler, M. D., & Peikert, A. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6030041 · Cited by 8
Annell, S., Lindfors, P., Kecklund, G., & Sverke, M. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies · doi:10.18291/njwls.v8i4.111926 · Cited by 10
Domain specific traits predict achievement in music and multipotentiality
de Manzano, Ö., & Ullén, F. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101584 · Cited by 10
Hajovsky, D. B., & Chesnut, S. R. (2022) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.05.001 · Cited by 8
Cognitive versus Non‐Cognitive Individual Differences and the Dynamics of Career Success
Ganzach, Y., & Pazy, A. (2014) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12038 · Cited by 11
Sternberg, R. J. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612443829 · Cited by 10
Armstrong, E. L., Nijenhuis, J. T., Menie, M. A. W. O., Fernandes, H. B. F., Must, O., & Must, A. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.02.009 · Cited by 8
Rosenbaum, A. J., Uhl, R. L., Mulligan, M. T., Pauze, D. R., Pauze, D. K., & Robak, N. (2015) · Current Orthopaedic Practice · doi:10.1097/bco.0000000000000241 · Cited by 8
Frank, B., & Kluge, A. (2018) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12251 · Cited by 10
Quiroga, M. Á., & Colom, R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.027 · Cited by 8
Cognitive Abilities in Childhood and Adolescence
Wadsworth, S. J., Corley, R. P., & DeFries, J. C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7447-0_1 · Cited by 8
Intelligence, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: An Extreme Bounds AnalysisPreprint
Jones, G., & Schneider, W. J. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 8
Burles, C. F. (2014) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/28057 · Cited by 7
Tradeoff Studies and Cognitive Biases
Smith, E. (2006) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8
McGue, M. K., Anderson, E. L., Willoughby, E. A., Giannelis, A., Iacono, W. G., & Lee, J. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2022.101642 · Cited by 8
Curry, D. S. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02641-z · Cited by 7
Towards Empirically Validated Process Modelling Education Using a BPMN Formalism
Maslov, I. (2022) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05760-1_58 · Cited by 7
Anomaly, J. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003464266 · Cited by 7
Sternberg, R. J. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2025.101919 · Cited by 7
An Information Framework of Intelligence
Hochberg, M. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105548 · Cited by 11
Geary, D. C. (2007) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-588-220251002 · Cited by 15
Building script-based tacit knowledge in call centre trainees
McQueen, R. J., & Chen, J. (2010) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1057/kmrp.2010.18 · Cited by 7
Brundage, M. (2015) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 7
Intelligence Can Be Used to Make a More Equitable Society but Only When Properly Defined and Applied
Holden, L. R., & Hart, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence9040057 · Cited by 7
Computer-Based Development of Reading Skills to Reduce Dropout in Uncertain Times
Szili, K., Kiss, R., Csapó, B., & Molnár, G. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10040089 · Cited by 7
de Souza, E. A., Silva, S. A., Vieira, B. H., & Salmón, C. E. G. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727 · Cited by 9
Kreiter, C. D., & Otaki, J. (2015) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2015.1025016 · Cited by 7
Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan
Vanhove, J. (2014) · Cited by 7
Neuropsychological Function and Employment Status in a Welfare-to-Work Sample
Gorske, T. T., Daley, D. C., Yenerall, E., & Morrow, L. A. (2006) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1303_1 · Cited by 6
Is grit the ‘X-factor’ for interpreters leaving the profession?
McCartney, J. L. (2016) · The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research · doi:10.12807/ti.108201.2016.a03 · Cited by 7
A History of Mental Ability Tests and Theories
Wasserman, J. D., & Kaufman, A. S. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199765683.013.32 · Cited by 7
Nylén, E. C., Lindfors, P., Blanc, P. M. L., Aronsson, G., & Sverke, M. (2017) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2017.1381037 · Cited by 10
Process overlap theory is a milestone achievement among intelligence theories.
Schneider, W. J., & McGrew, K. S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.06.006 · Cited by 7
Kinney, T. B. (2007) · Cited by 7
Leveraging intelligence for high performance in complex dynamic systems requires balanced goals
Elg, F. (2005) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220512331311571 · Cited by 7
The transition of object to mental manipulation: beyond a species-specific view of intelligence
Bar‐Hen‐Schweiger, M., & Henik, A. (2020) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-020-01375-2 · Cited by 7
Why Ignore the g Factor? —Historical Considerations
Brand, C. R., Constales, D., & Kane, H. D. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043793-4/50060-x · Cited by 7
The Air Force Officer Qualifying Test Validity, Fairness, and Bias
Hardison, C. M., Sims, C. S., & Wong, E. C. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e647322010-001 · Cited by 7
Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
Sternberg, R. J. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0702 · Cited by 7
te Nijenhuis, J., Al-Shahomee, A. A., van den Hoek, M., Allik, J., Grigoriev, A., & Dragt, J. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.03.002 · Cited by 8
Long-Term Follow-Up of Daily Life Functioning After Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Admission
de Sonnaville, E. S. V., Königs, M., Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S. H., van Woensel, J. B. M., Oosterlaan, J., & Knoester, H. (2023) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113477 · Cited by 6
Kulikowski, K., & Ganzach, Y. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12030035 · Cited by 7
Sassenberg, T. A., Safron, A., & DeYoung, C. G. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae391 · Cited by 8
Reflexiones sobre la inteligencia artificial aplicada a la administración de justicia
Bernal, A. B., Sarmiento, S. C. G., & Valdivieso, K. (2024) · Revista Jurídica Mario Alario D´Filippo · doi:10.32997/2256-2796-vol.16-num.33-2024-4887 · Cited by 10
The smart leader: examining the relationship between intelligence and leader development behavior
Blair, C. A., Gorman, C. A., Helland, K. R., & Delise, L. A. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-06-2012-0078 · Cited by 7
Intelligence and the repayment of high- and low-consequences debt
Ganzach, Y., & Amar, M. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.037 · Cited by 6
When is neuropsychological testing medically necessary for children on medicaid in New Mexico?
Kaufman, N. K., Mullins, C. B., Davis, A. S., Tonarelli, S. B., Sandoval, H., & Ramos-Duran, L. R. (2017) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2017.1362643 · Cited by 6
L’appropriation intelligente de la transformation digitale : un processus collectif peu formalisé
Chabanet, D., Cloarec, M.-A., Petani, F. J., Richard, D., & Zaoui, I. (2021) · Management & Avenir · doi:10.3917/mav.122.0171 · Cited by 6
An Historical Causal-Chain Theory of Conceptions of Intelligence
Sternberg, R. J., Preiss, D. D., & Karami, S. (2023) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680231158790 · Cited by 9
Luoni, C., Balottin, U., Zaccagnino, M., Brembilla, L., Livetti, G., & Termine, C. (2013) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01555.x · Cited by 6
Kornilova, T. V. (2009) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2009.0015 · Cited by 6
Epting, L. K., Gallena, E. M., Hicks, S. A., Palmer, E. N., & Weisberg, T. (2013) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2013.04.03.1 · Cited by 6
Practical Considerations in WISC-V Interpretation and Intervention
Beal, A. L., Holdnack, J. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Weiss, L. G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404697-9.00003-0 · Cited by 6
Wallert, J., Madison, G., Held, C., & Olsson, E. M. G. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.144 · Cited by 6
A multidimensional approach to the content of human capital
Badillo, Y. U., Cabrales, Á. L., & Cabrera, R. V. (2018) · Management Research The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management · doi:10.1108/mrjiam-05-2016-0666 · Cited by 11
Cognitive ability is a powerful predictor of political tolerance
Rasmussen, S. H. R., & Ludeke, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12667 · Cited by 6
Los diferentes perfiles narrativos de niños con condiciones lingüísticas y cognitivas distintas
Allende, N. C., & Figueroa-Leighton, A. (2016) · Literatura y lingüística · doi:10.4067/s0716-58112016000100021 · Cited by 6
FAST: A Novel, Executive Function-Based Approach to Cognitive Enhancement
Almquist, J. N.-F., Mathan, S. A., Brem, A., Plessow, F., McKanna, J. A., Santarnecchi, E., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Kadosh, R. C., Pavel, M., & Yeung, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00235 · Cited by 8
THE SHORT GRIT SCALE: A DIMENSIONALITY ANALYSIS
Li, C. R. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 6
Intelligence arguments and Australian psychology: A reply to stankov and an alternative view
Bates, T. C., & Stough, C. K. K. (2000) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060008257470 · Cited by 6
Silver, I. A., & Nedelec, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.12.001 · Cited by 8
Individual Differences can both Facilitate and Limit Individual Development
Murphy, K. R. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753392.ch4 · Cited by 5
Evolutionary Psychology and Individual Differences
Satoshi Kanazawa, A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch13 · Cited by 6
Hitting the high notes : Challenge in teaching honors students
Scager, K. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 6
Öneş, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2002) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.1080/08959285.2002.9668080 · Cited by 7
Signaling Equilibrium, Intergenerational Social Mobility and Long Run GrowthPreprint
Raut, L. K. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.852924 · Cited by 6
Brain Connectivity Patterns in Children Linked to Neurocognitive AbilitiesPreprint
Sripada, C., Angstadt, M., Rutherford, S. E., Taxali, A., Clark, D. A., Greathouse, T., Weigard, A., Hyde, L. W., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.291500 · Cited by 5
Arastaman, G., Buluş, M., Kontaş, H., & Özcan, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1470977 · Cited by 8
Shamla, V. M., & Jayan, C. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101569 · Cited by 11
Kulikowski, K., Cucina, J. M., Hayes, T. L., Oh, I., Öneş, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.70048 · Cited by 6
Ünal, Z. E., Kartal, G., Ulusoy, S., Ala, A. M., Yilmaz, M., & Geary, D. C. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101797 · Cited by 6
Skill Building in Early Care and Education Programs
Jenkins, J. M., & Duncan, G. J. (2023) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231197533 · Cited by 6
Meta-analysis: on average, undergraduate students’ intelligence is merely average
Uttl, B., Violo, V., & Gibson, L. (2024) · ScienceOpen Research · doi:10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2024.0002.v1 · Cited by 6
Using the influence of human-as-machine representation for self-improvement products
Teng, M., Song, W., Liu, T., & Dong, J. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102851 · Cited by 5
Mothers-Offspring Resemblance in Intelligence and Its Relationship to Socioeconomic Status
Flores-Mendoza, C. E., Santiago, B. M. C., Andrade, D. M., Fontes, W. R. P., Rodrigues, L. A., & Tuma, C. A. M. (2017) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272766201712 · Cited by 5
Fluid Intelligence: Review of Foreign Studies
Rzhanova, I. E., Britova, V. S., Alekseeva, O. S., & Burdukova, Y. A. (2018) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2018070402 · Cited by 7
Occupational intelligence as a measure of occupational complexity
Zisman, C., & Ganzach, Y. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.112005 · Cited by 5
Longevity through emotional intelligence: a relationship marketing approach in family businesses
Gilani, H., Mena, J. T., & Aydın, G. (2023) · Journal of Family Business Management · doi:10.1108/jfbm-01-2023-0007 · Cited by 5
Moon, B., Law, S. J., Bourdage, J. S., Roulin, N., & Melchers, K. G. (2023) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12460 · Cited by 5
Examining the neurostructural architecture of intelligence: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study
Page, D., Buchanan, C. R., Moodie, J. E., Harris, M. A., Taylor, A. M., Hernández, M. V., Maniega, S. M., Corley, J., Bastin, M. E., Wardlaw, J. M., et al. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.007 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Gottfredson, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gottfredson, Linda S.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-132
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079072929
- Cited by
- 1,408
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 24.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Keywords
- general intelligence, cognitive complexity, everyday life, employee performance, adult literacy, National Adult Literacy Survey, post-industrial economy, life chances, information processing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review