The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives on alertness, cognitive performance, and circadian rhythms during sleep deprivation
Abstract
The influence of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on neurobehavioral function and circadian rhythms were studied in healthy young women (n = 25) using a modified constant routine procedure during 24 h of sleep deprivation. Alertness and performance worsened across sleep deprivation and also varied with circadian phase. Entrained circadian rhythms of melatonin and body temperature were evident in women regardless of menstrual phase or oral contraceptive use. No significant difference in melatonin levels, duration, or phase was observed between women in the luteal and follicular phases, whereas oral contraceptives appeared to increase melatonin levels. Temperature levels were higher in the luteal phase and in oral contraceptive users compared to women in the follicular phase. Alertness on the maintenance of wakefulness test and some tests of cognitive performance were poorest for women in the follicular phase especially near the circadian trough of body temperature. These observations suggest that hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle and the use of oral contraceptives contribute to changes in nighttime waking neurobehavioral function and temperature level whereas these factors do not appear to affect circadian phase.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Exogenous synthetic progestins (in the form of oral contraceptives) have a tendency to increase melatonin secretion [58, 59, 67]”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“Most other studies have found no change in the patterns of melatonin secretion (including onset, offset, duration, midpoint, and AUC) across the menstrual cycle in healthy women [47, 60–62, 65, 67].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“Mean circulating melatonin levels and patterns are similar in the follicular and luteal phases [66,78]”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“researchers have found that cognitive performance on a simple reaction task differed in association with core body temperature across the circadian cycle in women on a constant routine, with better performance in the luteal phase when core body temperature was higher [75,76,78].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“a relationship between core body temperature and cognitive performance, where the poorest performance coincides with the lowest body temperature, has been shown repeatedly in men [78].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“This variability in findings could be explained by masking of the endogenous core body temperature rhythm by factors such as environmental light, activity, sleep, and posture [78,81], as well as by the application of different methods and indicators of phase.”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Further, studies of 24-h body temperature rhythms have shown that women taking oral contraceptives in the active phase of the contraceptive regime have body temperatures similar to those of women in the luteal phase, which are higher than those of men and women in the follicular phase [69,78,79].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Citations
Cites
Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
Binder, M. D., Hirokawa, N., & Windhorst, U. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166 · Cited by 3,900
Dinges, D. F., Pack, F. M., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Trasande, C. A., & Pack, A. I. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.4.267 · Cited by 2,018
Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol
Van Cauter, E. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.7.2468 · Cited by 951
Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance
Dijk, D., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (1992) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1992.tb00021.x · Cited by 602
Bright light effects on body temperature, alertness, EEG and behavior
Badia, P., Myers, B. L., Boecker, M. R., Culpepper, J., & Harsh, J. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90549-4 · Cited by 437
Self-citationAssociation of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A., Dumont, M., Duffy, J. F., Steinberg, J. D., Richardson, G. S., Brown, E. N., Sánchez, R., Ríos, C. D., & Ronda, J. M. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92817-y · Cited by 437
Melatonin: Biosynthesis, Physiological Effects, and Clinical Applications
Yu, H.-S., & Reiter, R. J. (1992) · Cited by 400
Complex Interaction of the Sleep-Wake Cycle and Circadian Phase Modulates Mood in Healthy Subjects
Boivin, D. B. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140055010 · Cited by 378
Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions
Monk, T., Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C., Berga, S., Jarrett, D., Begley, A., & Kupfer, D. (1997) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00023.x · Cited by 316
Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women
Driver, H. S. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.2.728 · Cited by 314
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Åkerstedt, 1977, Psychophysiological circadian rhythms in women during 72 h of sleep deprivation, Waking Sleeping, 1, 387
- Cajochen, 1998, Time course of EEG power density during wakefulness and subjective sleepiness during a 24-H constant routine, Sleep, 21, 243
- Lewy, 1997, Assays for measuring the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in human plasma, Sleep Res., 26, 733
- Myers, 1995, Circadian effects of photic stimulation on the melatonin and temperature rhythms in humans, Sleep Res., 23, 534
- Rogacz, 1988, The increase in body temperature during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is only observed during the subjective night and is independent of sleep, Sleep Res., 17, 395
- Wright, 1998, Melatonin versus temperature as correlates of nighttime vigilance performance in humans, Sleep, 22, 251
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–134 of 134
Effect of sleep restriction on cognitive function and its underlying mechanism
Liu, Q., Ru, T., Luo, X. G., Niu, J., Ma, Y., & Zhou, G. (2020) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.01493 · Cited by 5
Does hormone therapy affect attention and memory in sleep-deprived women?
Alhola, P., Kylmälä, M., Urrila, A. S., Karakorpi, M., Portin, R. I., Kalleinen, N., & Polo‐Kantola, P. (2008) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130801958832 · Cited by 5
Power frequency electromagnetic fields, melatonin and the risk of breast cancer.
Swerdlow, A. J. (2006) · Cited by 5
Kawasaki, Y., Kasai, T., Sakurama, Y., Kawana, F., Shiroshita, N., & Koikawa, N. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s449305 · Cited by 4
Armbruster, D., Brocke, B., Kirschbaum, C., Witt, S. H., Lesch, K., & Strobel, A. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112831 · Cited by 5
Sex Differences and Menstrual-Related Changes in Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Baker, F. C., & O'Brien, L. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00155-0 · Cited by 4
Dittmar, M., Möllgaard, L., & Engelhard, F. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2342945 · Cited by 4
Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Women
Driver, H. S., & Sloan, E. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_53 · Cited by 3
Entrainment of the Non-24-hour Circadian Period of the Human Biological Clock to the 24-hour Day
WrightJr., K. P., & Czeisler, C. A. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0937-0_46 · Cited by 3
Driver, H. S., & Sloan, E. P. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-7584-0.00039-2 · Cited by 3
Grant, L. K., Gooley, J. J., Hilaire, M. A. S., Joffe, H., Brainard, G. C., Reen, E. V., Rüger, M., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Lockley, S. W., Czeisler, C. A., et al. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.08.012 · Cited by 2
Features of sleep of teenage girls in different phases of the menstrual cycle
Bolshakova, S. E., Михайловна, М. И., Berdina, O. N., Евгеньевна, Х. Е., Витальевна, Б. О., & Rychkova, L. V. (2023) · Pediatric and Adolescent Reproductive Health · doi:10.33029/1816-2134-2023-19-2-68-82 · Cited by 2
Abdelkefi, I., & Jarraya, S. (2024) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2024-0038 · Cited by 1
Figueiro, M. G., Bullough, J. D., Rizvydeen, M., Plitnick, B., Li, W., & Rea, M. S. (2025) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004251406550 · Cited by 1
Melatonin and Sex Hormones Among Rotating Shift Nurses
Langley, A. R., Graham, C. H., Grundy, A. L., Tranmer, J. E., Richardson, H., & Aronson, K. J. (2010) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000391999.63861.49 · Cited by 1
Driver, H. S., & Sloan, E. P. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8086-733-7.00039-5 · Cited by 1
Changes in well-being but not in spatial ability across the menstrual cycle
Celec, P., Mesežnikov, G., Ostatníková, D., & Hodosy, J. (2011) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2010.513524 · Cited by 1
On the chronobiology of seasonal affective disorder
Koorengevel, K. M. (2002) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 1
Mongrain, V. (2006) · doi:10.71781/28800 · Cited by 1
Women's Sleep Throughout the Lifespan
Kloss, J. D., & Nash, C. O. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260454.ch10 · Cited by 1
Examining Neuropsychological Sex Differences in Young Adult Cannabis Users
Crane, N. A. (2013) · Figshare
The role of biological rhythms and blood glucose levels in maintaining a positive mood state.
Martino, O. I. (2008) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Vandewalle, G. (2003) · ORBi (University of Liège)
Insulin-like growth factor peptides and melatonin among rotating shift nurses
Boehme, K. (2012) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Blagdon, R. A. (2010) · Saint Mary's University Institutional Repository (Saint Mary's University)
Impact of Circadian and Sleep Disruption on Metabolic Health and Behavior
Stothard, E. R. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Visual Sequential Memory
Khan, M. H. R., Hossain, S., & Hassan, A. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.99133
Aitkenhead, R., Kirkwood, L., Florida-James, G. D., & Ingram-Sills, L. (2023) · Journal of Applied Sports Sciences · doi:10.37393/jass.2023.02.6
A perspective on the Festschrift of Charles A. Czeisler, PhD MD
Klerman, E. B., Wright, K. P., Duffy, J. F., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Chang, A., Czeisler, C. A., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2024) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2024.01.003
Self-citationKurtaran, N. E., Öztürk, G., Gündüz, S. Ş., Gürel, E. E., ERGE, Ü., & Öztürk, L. (2025) · doi:10.22541/au.174525321.14454190/v1
Kennedy, K. E. R., Huskey, A., Negelspach, D., Cha, J., Patel, S. I., Satterfield, B. C., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf090.0240
Vicente-Martínez, J., Bonmatí‐Carrión, M., López-Parra, A. M., Madrid, J. A., Pagán, P., & Rol, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.70181
Metadata
- Authors
- Wright, K. P., & Badia, P.
- Affiliations
- Bowling Green State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Kenneth P
- ORCID
- Wright, Kenneth P
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-194
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044331377
- Semantic Scholar
- b9ba3591baf275dbd9b3358fc25189288ed961c3
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32-DK07529, T32DK007529)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle phases, oral contraceptives, sleep deprivation, alertness, cognitive performance, circadian rhythm, melatonin, body temperature, luteal phase, follicular phase, neurobehavioral function, women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Attention, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Cognition, Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Female, Humans, Melatonin, Menstrual Cycle, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sleep Deprivation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
