How effective are people at faking on personality questionnaires?

THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META‐ANALYSIS

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The big five personality dimensions and job performance

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Effects of impression management and self-deception on the predictive validity of personality constructs.

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Meta-Analyses of Fakability Estimates: Implications for Personality Measurement

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The impact of response distortion on preemployment personality testing and hiring decisions.

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Some properties of ipsative, normative, and forced-choice normative measures.

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The Effects of Social Desirability and Faking on Personality and Integrity Assessment for Personnel Selection

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Effects of Intentional Distortion in Personality Measurement and evaluation of Suggested Palliatives

Hough, L. M. (1998) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.1998.9668032 · Cited by 209 · see citing works

Towards a Theory of Applicant Faking: Integrating Studies of Deception

Snell, A. F., Sydell, E. J., & Lueke, S. B. (1999) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(99)00019-4 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

The Determination of Personality Inventory Factor Patterns and Intercorrelations by Changes in Real-Life Motivation

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The reliability and validity of normative and ipsative approaches in the measurement of personality

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The relationship between ipsatized and normative measures of personality

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Spuriouser and spuriouser: The use of ipsative personality tests

Johnson, C. E., Wood, R. E., & Blinkhorn, S. (1988) · Journal of Occupational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1988.tb00279.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works

A STUDY OF FAKING BEHAVIOR ON A FORCED‐CHOICE SELF‐DESCRIPTION CHECKLIST

Dunnette, M. D., McCartney, J. L., Carlson, H. C., & Kirchner, W. K. (1962) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1962.tb01843.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Faking personality questionnaires: Fabricating different profiles for different purposes

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Pre-employment honesty testing: Fakability, reactions of test takers, and company image

Ryan, A. M., & Sackett, P. R. (1987) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf01020813 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Knowing and Faking One's Five-Factor Personality Score

Furnham, A. F. (1997) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6901_14 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

The Modification of Personality and Lie Scale Scores by Special ‘Honesty’ Instructions

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Response strategies when faking personality questionnaires in a vocational selection setting

Mahar, D., Cologon, J., & Duck, J. M. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00200-c · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Social desirability in the Eysenck Personality Inventory

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Simulated patterns on the California Psychological Inventory.

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A Note on the “Fakability” of Forced‐Choice Scales

Waters, L. K. (1965) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1965.tb00277.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Fakeability and correlates of the perception and preference inventory

Furnham, A. F., & Craig, S. (1987) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(87)90207-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Predicting Occupational Personality Test Scores

Furnham, A. F., & Drakeley, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980009600853 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The Hungry Mind

von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro‐Premuzic, T. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611421204 · Cited by 550 · see citing works

A Meta‐Analytic Investigation of Job Applicant Faking on Personality Measures

Birkeland, S. A., Manson, T. M., Kisamore, J. L., Brannick, M. Τ., & Smith, M. A. (2006) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00354.x · Cited by 400 · see citing works

The use of personality measures in personnel selection: What does current research support?

Rothstein, M. G., & Goffin, R. D. (2006) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.004 · Cited by 321 · see citing works

Reconsidering forced-choice item formats for applicant personality assessment

Christiansen, N. D., Burns, G. N., & Montgomery, G. E. (2005) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1803_4 · Cited by 250 · see citing works

Assessing Intercultural Competence in Higher Education: Existing Research and Future Directions

Griffith, R. L., Wolfeld, L., Armon, B. K., Rios, J., & Liu, O. L. (2016) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12112 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Increasing Validity with Forced-Choice Criterion Measurement Formats

Bartram, D. (2007) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2007.00386.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Scalar Equivalence of OPQ32

Bartram, D. (2011) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022111430258 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Item Response Models for Forced-Choice Questionnaires: A Common Framework

Brown, A. (2014) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-014-9434-9 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Situational Judgment Tests and their Predictiveness of College Students’ Success: The Influence of Faking

Peeters, H., & Lievens, F. (2004) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164404268672 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Assessing Civic Competency and Engagement in Higher Education: Research Background, Frameworks, and Directions for Next‐Generation Assessment

Torney-Purta, J. V., Cabrera, J. C., Roohr, K. C., Liu, O. L., & Rios, J. A. (2015) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12081 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Predicting creativity and academic success with a “Fake-Proof” measure of the Big Five

Hirsh, J. B., & Peterson, J. B. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Predicting academic success with the Big 5 rated from different points of view: Self‐rated, other rated and faked

Ziegler, M. D., Danay, E., Schölmerich, F., & Bühner, M. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.753 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Fakability of Implicit and Explicit Measures of the Big Five: Research findings from organizational settings

Vecchione, M., Dentale, F., Alessandri, G., & Barbaranelli, C. (2014) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12070 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Emotional Intelligence and Mindfulness: Relation and Enhancement in the Classroom With Adolescents

Ledo, C. R., Hernández, S. O., Moreno, M. J. C., Balaguer, Á., & Alzugaray, F. J. Z. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02162 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Personality Types of Entrepreneurs

Müller, G. F., & Gappisch, C. (2005) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.96.3.737-746 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Examining stability of personality profile solutions between Likert-type and multidimensional forced choice measure

Lee, P., Joo, S., & Lee, S. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Gender, fear of crime, and self-presentation: an experimental investigation

Sutton, R. M., Robinson, B., & Farrall, S. D. (2010) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160903292261 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

The general factor of personality: Substance or artefact?

Paul Irwing, B. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Online Testing: Mode of Administration and the Stability of OPQ 32i Scores

Bartram, D., & Brown, A. (2004) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.0965-075x.2004.282_1.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Fakability of different measurement methods for achievement motivation: Questionnaire, semi-projective, and objective.

Ziegler, M. D., Schmidt-Atzert, L., Bühner, M., & Krumm, S. (2007) · Psychology science · Cited by 45 · see citing works

First Dates and Little White Lies: A Trait Contract Classification Theory of Applicant Faking Behavior

Griffith, R., Lee, L. M., Peterson, M. H., & Zickar, M. J. (2011) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2011.597475 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Forced-Choice Versus Likert Responses on an Occupational Big Five Questionnaire

Watrin, L., Geiger, M., Spengler, M., & Wilhelm, O. (2019) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000285 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

The impact of “non-targeted traits” on personality test faking, hiring, and workplace deviance

O’Neill, T., Lee, N. M., Radan, J., Law, S. J., Lewis, R. J., & Carswell, J. J. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.027 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

The Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Forced-Choice Format Character Measure: Testing the Thurstonian IRT Approach

Ng, V., Lee, P., Ho, M. R., Kuykendall, L. E., Stark, S. E., & Tay, L. (2020) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2020.1739056 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

The “g” in Faking: Doublethink the Validity of Personality Self-Report Measures for Applicant Selection

Geiger, M., Olderbak, S. G., Sauter, R., & Wilhelm, O. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02153 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Modelling Forced‐Choice Response Formats

Brown, A., & Maydeu‐Olivares, A. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118489772.ch18 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Psychological diagnostics in the talent development program of the German Football Association: Psychometric properties of an Internet-based test battery

Feichtinger, P., & Höner, O. (2014) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-014-0341-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Why do consumers buy counterfeit luxury products? A tale of two major cities in two different countries

Kassim, N. M., Zain, M., Bogari, N., & Sharif, K. J. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-06-2019-0361 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Stereotyping as a response strategy when faking personality questionnaires

Mahar, D., Coburn, B., Griffin, N., Hemeter, F., Potappel, C., Turton, M., & Mulgrew, K. E. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Ideal Point Modeling of Non-cognitive Constructs: Review and Recommendations for Research

Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02423 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Impact of Elaboration on Responding to Situational Judgment Test Items

Lievens, F., & Peeters, H. (2008) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2008.00440.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works

The role of fluid and emotional intelligence in malingering

Grieve, R., & Mahar, D. (2009) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530903032836 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The relationship between cognitive ability and personality scores in selection situations: A meta‐analysis

Schilling, M., Becker, N., Grabenhorst, M. M., & König, C. J. (2021) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12314 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

How much can people fake on the dark triad? A meta-analysis and systematic review of instructed faking

Walker, S., Double, K. S., Birney, D. P., & MacCann, C. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111622 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Recovering Preipsative Information From Additive Ipsatized Data

Cheung, M. W. ‐. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282486 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Deception and Applicant Faking: Putting the Pieces Together

Kim, B. H. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118311141.ch7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Do Applicants Fake Their Personality Questionnaire Responses and How Successful are Their Attempts? A Case of Military Pilot Cadet Selection

Galić, Z., Jerneić, Ž., & Kovačić, M. P. (2012) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2012.00595.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Toxic Mold and Mycotoxins in Neurotoxicity Cases: Stachybotrys, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Trichothecenes

Lees-Haley, P. (2003) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.561 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A New Investigation of Fake Resistance of a Multidimensional Forced-Choice Measure: An Application of Differential Item/Test Functioning

Lee, P., & Joo, S. (2021) · Personnel Assessment and Decisions · doi:10.25035/pad.2021.01.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The Interactive Effect of Impression Motivation and Cognitive Schema on Self‐Presentation in a Personality Inventory1

Jansen, A., König, C. J., Kleinmann, M., & Melchers, K. G. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00925.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Factors Related to Faking Ability: A Structural Equation Model Application

Wrensen, L., & Biderman, M. D. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e518612013-089 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Does Design Matter? The (Limited) Effects of Six Asynchronous Video Interview Design Features on Impression Management, Reactions, and Evaluations

Lukacik, E., & Bourdage, J. S. (2024) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12511 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Negative views of out-groups and emotion regulation strategies: Evidence for an association with the tendency to suppress emotion expression, but not with cognitive reappraisal or emotion dysregulation

Westerlund, M., Antfolk, J., & Santtila, P. O. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00430-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Forced-choice and conventional personality assessment: Each may have unique value in pre-employment testing

Goffin, R. D., Jang, I., & Skinner, E. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The Motivational Value Systems Questionnaire (MVSQ): Psychometric Analysis Using a Forced Choice Thurstonian IRT Model

Merk, J., Schlotz, W., & Falter, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01626 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A Bayesian Random Block Item Response Theory Model for Forced-Choice Formats

Lee, H., & Smith, W. Z. (2019) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164419871659 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Not Aggressive or Just Faking It? Examining Faking and Faking Detection on the Conditional Reasoning Test of Aggression

Wiita, N. E., Meyer, R. D., Kelly, E. D., & Collins, B. J. (2017) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428117703685 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Reliability Estimates for IRT-Based Forced-Choice Assessment Scores

Lin, Y. (2021) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428121999086 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

The effects of faking on non-cognitive predictors of academic performance in University students

Huws, N., Reddy, P. A., & Talcott, J. B. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.04.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Faking in Self‐Report Personality Scales: A Qualitative Analysis and Taxonomy of the Behaviors That Constitute Faking Strategies

Röhner, J., Schütz, A., & Ziegler, M. D. (2024) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12513 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Is it enough to be willing to win or do you have to be smart? The relationship between competitive worldviews, cognitive abilities, and applicant faking in personality tests

Schilling, M., Sparfeldt, J. R., Becker, N., Engel, M., Levacher, J., Sebastian, T. F. P., Schäfer, J., Schwabe, S., & König, C. J. (2020) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12296 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

A cross-validation of between country differences in personality using the OPQ32

Bartram, D. (2013) · International Journal of Quantitative Research in Education · doi:10.1504/ijqre.2013.056460 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

How Emotional Intelligence Might Get You the Job: The Relationship Between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Faking on Personality Tests

Pelt, D. H. M., van der Linden, D., & Born, M. P. (2017) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2017.1407320 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Deception and Applicant Faking: Putting the Pieces Together

Kim, B. H. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119992592.ch7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Modeling Effects of Faking on an Objective Personality Test

Arendasy, M., Sommer, M., Herle, M., Schützhofer, B., & Inwanschitz, D. (2011) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000053 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Personality in information systems professions: identifying archetypal professions with suitable traits and candidates' ability to fake-good these traits

Tomat, L., Trkman, P., & Manfreda, A. (2021) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-03-2021-0212 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Verfälschungstendenzen im NEO-FFI: Eine experimentelle Überprüfung

Krahé, B., & Herrmann, J. (2003) · Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie · doi:10.1024//0170-1789.24.2.105 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The Impact of Aberrant Responses and Detection in Forced‐Choice Noncognitive Assessment

Kim, S., & Moses, T. P. (2018) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12222 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Multidimensional Forced-Choice CAT With Dominance Items: An Empirical Comparison With Optimal Static Testing Under Different Desirability Matching

Lin, Y., Brown, A., & Williams, P. (2022) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644221077637 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

IVR and web administration in structured interviews utilizing rating scales: exploring the role of motivation as a moderator to mode effects

Yang, Y., Callegaro, M., Bhola, D. S., & Dillman, D. A. (2010) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645570903504161 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Interventions for Addressing Faking on Personality Assessments for Employee Selection: A Meta-Analysis

Adair, C. K. (2014) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The Journey of Forced Choice Measurement Over 80 Years: Past, Present, and Future

Lee, P., Son, M., Zhou, S., Joo, S., Jia, Z., & Cheng, V. (2025) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281251350687 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

The incremental validity of a Situational Judgement Test (SJT) relative to personality and cognitive ability to predict managerial performance

Fertig, S. (2009) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Can ChatGPT Outperform Humans in Faking a Personality Assessment While Avoiding Detection?

Robie, C., Phillips, J., Bourdage, J. S., Christiansen, N. D., Dunlop, P. D., Risavy, S. D., & Speer, A. B. (2025) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.70015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Contributions to Constructing Forced-Choice Questionnaires Using the Thurstonian IRT Model

Sun, L., Qin, Z., Wang, S., Tian, X., & Luo, F. (2023) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2023.2248979 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The influence of different rating scales on impression management in high stakes assessment

Khorramdel, L. (2014) · Psychological test and assessment modeling · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Investigation of relationship between personality characteristics and career management of Melli Bank staff, Iran

Yavarpour, H., Peykani, M. H., & Gholizadeh, A. (2016) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.14(3-si).2016.15 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Defining, Measuring, and Scaling Affective Constructs

McCoach, D. B., Gable, R. K., & Madura, J. P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7135-6_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Assessing Cross-Cultural Competence: A Working Framework and Prototype Measures for Use in Military Contexts

Brenneman, M. W., Klafehn, J. L., Burrus, J. T., Roberts, R. D., & Kochert, J. F. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42166-7_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Diagnostische Verfahren

Schmidt-Atzert, L., Krumm, S., & Amelang, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61643-7_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Happiness at work : are job satisfaction, job self-efficacy and trait emotional intelligence related?

de Kok, A. G., & Anne, C. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Bortom Big Five: Konstruktion och validering av ett personlighetstestPreprint

Sjöberg, L. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4 · see citing works

How Item Response Theory can solve problems of ipsative data

Brown, A. (2010) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Development of a Forced-Choice Personality Inventory via Thurstonian Item Response Theory (TIRT)

Tsaousis, I., & Al-Owidha, A. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121118 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Can behavioral features reveal lying in an online personality questionnaire? The impact of mouse dynamics and speech

Kuric, E., Demcak, P., Smrecek, P., & Stefan Benus, A. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100683 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Lässt sich der Einfluss sozialer Erwünschtheit in einem Fragebogen zur Erfassung aggressiver Verhaltensweisen im Straßenverkehr korrigieren?

Herzberg, P. Y. (2004) · Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/0170-1789.25.1.19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Scoring methods for ordinal multidimensional forced-choice items

de Vries, A. L. M., & van der Ark, L. A. (2008) · Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Examining the fakability of forced-choice individual differences measures

Cao, M. (2016) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Influence Factors of College Students' Creativity: The Effect of Self-Esteem and Motivation

Liu, L. (2019) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20190802.13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Situational Demand and Its Impact on Construct and Criterion Validity of a Personality Questionnaire: State and Trait, a Couple you just can’t Study Separately!

Ziegler, M. D. (2007) · doi:10.5282/edoc.6504 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Applicant Faking Behavior

Griffith, R., Converse, P. D., Mochinushi, Y., & Ziegler, M. D. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119173489.ch28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Potential of Online Selection

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Impact of Perceived Organizational Politics on Job Satisfaction and Organization Citizenship Behavior

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