The Impact of Zoonotic Diseases Transmitted by Pets on Human Health and the Economy
Abstract
In the context of all causes of human morbidity and mortality, or even within the context of all infectious diseases affecting the public health, pet-associated zoonotic infections are of moderate importance. The data documented in Table 1, however, indicate that they do exact significant human health and economic costs. If complete data were available for all of the infections shown in Table 1, the costs would be considerably higher. Moreover, most of these diseases are preventable through educating the public, particularly pet owners, of the zoonotic potential of these diseases, so that they may take precautions to minimize the risks leading to infection. These measures include appropriate health care of pets to eliminate infectious agents, reducing the number of uncontrolled, ownerless pets as well as unwanted or poorly supervised pets, preventing pets from soiling public places with their feces, excluding animals from areas where children play, enforcing leash laws, and promoting responsible pet ownership. Veterinarians, physicians, and public health agencies can aid in these efforts; ultimately, however, the responsibility lies with the pet owner.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs present the same level of zoonotic risk.
“Therefore, these categories present the same level of zoonotic risk, which may not be fully appreciated by pet owners [59,193-195].”
From Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming (2012) · cites this paper as [193]
Cites
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF ZOONOTIC TOXOCARIASIS
Glickman, L. T., & Schantz, P. M. (1981) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036235 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Self-citationPasteurella multocida infections: Report of 34 cases and review of the literature
Hooper, D. C., Weber, D. J., Wolfson, J. S., & Swartz, M. N. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.17615/avda-k325 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Pasteurella multocida Infections
Weber, D. J., Wolfson, J. S., Swartz, M. N., & Hooper, D. C. (1984) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-198405000-00001 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Development of Adverse Sequelae in Children Born with Subclinical Congenital Toxoplasma Infection
Wilson, C. B., Remington, J. S., Stagno, S., et al. (1980) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.66.5.767 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Wilson, J. F., & Rausch, R. L. (1980) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.1340 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Incidence and Cost of Foodborne Diarrheal Disease in the United States
Archer, D. L., & Kvenberg, J. E. (1985) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-48.10.887 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
THE REPORTING OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Marier, R. L. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112424 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Human Pulmonary Dirofilariasis in the United States: a Critical Review
Ciferri, F. (1982) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1982.31.302 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States. Effect of Public Health Action, 1970 to 1976
Cohen, M. L. (1980) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.243.12.1247 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Surveillance of Infectious Diseases
Thacker, S. A. (1983) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330330059036 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Rubella Vaccination Policy
Schoenbaum, S. C., Hyde, J. N., Bartoshesky, L., & Crampton, K. (1976) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197602052940604 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The surveillance of infectious diseases
Thacker, S. B. (1983) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.249.9.1181 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
What can be done to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis?
Wilson, C. B., & Remington, J. S. (1980) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(80)90129-5 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
TURTLE-ASSOCIATED SALMONELLOSIS
Lamm, S. H., TAYLOR, A., Gangarosa, E. J., et al. (1972) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121418 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
SALMONELLOSIS IN THE UNITED STATES—A FIVE-YEAR REVIEW1
Aserkoff, B. R., Schroeder, S. A., & Brachman, P. S. (1970) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121175 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The ecology of dog bite injury in St. Louis, Missouri.
Beck, A. M., Loring, H., & Lockwood, R. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Canine salmonellosis: A review and report of dog to child transmission of Salmonella enteritidis.
Morse, E. V., Duncan, M. A., Estep, D. A., Riggs, W., & Blackburn, B. O. (1976) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.66.1.82 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Parrish, H. M., Clack, F. B., Brobst, D. F., et al. (1959) · Public Health Reports (1896-1970) · doi:10.2307/4590605 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Traumatic Deaths from Dog Attacks in the United States
Pinckney, L. E., & Kennedy, L. A. (1982) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.69.2.193 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pasteurella multocida Infections Following Animal Injuries, Especially Cat Bites
Tindall, J. P. (1972) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1972.01620060054010 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
From the Center for Disease Control
Fox, M. D., & Kaufmann, A. F. (1977) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/136.2.312 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Human Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis, 1980-1981
Helmick, C. G. (1983) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340150032022 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dog-bites and Local Infection with Pasteurella Septica
Lee, M. L. H., & Buhr, A. J. (1960) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5167.169 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Human deaths induced by dog bites, United States, 1974-75.
Winkler, W. G. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Surveillance of Animal-Bite Cases in th e U n ited States, 1971–1972
Moore, R. M., Zehmer, R. B., Moultbrop, J. I., et al. (1977) · Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal · doi:10.1080/00039896.1977.10667293 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Incidence of Facial Injuries From Dog Bites
Karlson, T. A. (1984) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03340480047026 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Evaluation of New Services: Possibilities for Preventing Congenital Toxoplasmosis
HENDERSON, J. B., Beattie, C. P., HALE, E. G., et al. (1984) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/13.1.65 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
An Assessment of Patient-Related Economic Costs in an Outbreak of Salmonellosis
Cohen, M. L., Fontaine, R. E., Pollard, R. A., VonAllmen, S. D., Vernon, T. M., & Gangarosa, E. J. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197808312990906 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Medical costs and other aspects of dog bites in Baltimore.
Berzon, D. R., & DeHoff, J. B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effective Medical Treatment for Hydatid Disease?
Schantz, P. M. (1985) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03350380111033 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital toxoplasmosis: Prevention or palliation?
Frenkel, J. K. (1981) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(81)90595-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hanna, T. L., & Selby, L. A. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Local Pasteurella multocida Infections
HAWKINS, L. G. (1969) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-196951020-00014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Public Health Implications of Plague in Domestic Cats
Kaufmann, A. F., Mann, J. M., Gardiner, T. M., et al. (1981) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1981.179.09.875 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Epidemiology and public health significance of ringworm in animals.
Kaplan, W. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The animal bite epidemic in Baltimore, Maryland: review and update.
Berzon, D. R. (1978) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.68.6.593 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Takeda, Y., & Miwatani, T. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4990-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Grimes, J. E. (1985) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1985.186.10.1075 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Ringworm in Animals
Kaplan, W. (1967) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1967.01610040054010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Parakeet as a Source of Salmonellosis in Man
Kaye, D., Shinefield, H. R., & Hook, E. W. (1961) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196104272641708 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Animal bites as an occupational hazard among animal control officers.
Mann, J. M., Rollag, O. J., Hull, H. F., et al. (1984) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.74.3.255 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Psittacosis in Humans in the United States, 1975-1977
Potter, M. E., & Kaufmann, A. F. (1979) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/140.1.131 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Routine pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis: a reassessment.
Mann, J. M. (1984) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.74.7.720 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rabies And Infections by Rabies-Related Viruses
Beran, G. W. (2017) · doi:10.1201/9780203752463-24 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Salmonella and Shigella Infections in the United States
Feldman, R. A., & Riley, L. W. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4990-4_10 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Animal bites--a continuing problem.
Winkler, W. G. (1980) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.70.2.119 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Plague in the United States, 1983.
Barnes, A. M., & Jd, P. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Plague in the United States, 1984.
Barnes, A. M., Quan, T. J., & Poland, J. D. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses
Robertson, I. D., Irwin, P. J., Lymbery, A. J., & Thompson, R. C. A. (2000) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00134-x · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming
Traversa, D. (2012) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-91 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Aspects of Toxocara Epidemiology: Human Toxocarosis
Overgaauw, P. A. M., & Nederland, V. (1997) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.3109/10408419709115137 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Lefebvre, S. L., Reid‐Smith, R., Boerlin, P., & Weese, J. S. (2008) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01145.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Harvey, J. B., Roberts, J. M., & Schantz, P. M. (1991) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1991.199.06.702 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of dog intestinal nematode parasites in south central West Virginia, USA
Savilla, T. M., Joy, J. E., May, J. D., & Somerville, C. C. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.034 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stehr-Green, J. K., & Schantz, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0195-5616 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040068247
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Keywords
- zoonoses, economic costs, responsible pet ownership, public health education, stray animals, fecal contamination, disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Bites and Stings, Costs and Cost Analysis, Humans, Rabies, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Toxoplasmosis, Congenital, Zoonoses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review