Cited by 395Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingPersonality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

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Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder

Cale, Ellison M., Lilienfeld, Scott O.·2002·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00125-8

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Abstract

Although the correlates and causes of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) have been the subject of extensive investigation, researchers in this area have until recently focused almost exclusively on males. As a consequence, relatively little is known about psychopathy and ASPD in females. In this paper, we review the empirical literature on sex differences in the base rates, mean symptom levels, correlates, and factor structure of psychopathy and ASPD. In addition, we discuss the potential sex-differentiated phenotypic expressions of psychopathy and ASPD (e.g., somatization disorder [SD]) as well as sex differences in the developmental trajectories of these conditions. There is suggestive evidence that these conditions may be differentially expressed across biological sex, although further investigation of this issue is warranted. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this area, including suggestions for embedding the study of sex differences in psychopathy and ASPD within a construct validational framework.

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Authors: Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Corresponding author: Cale, Ellison M.
ORCID: Lilienfeld, Scott O.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-11
Volume: 22
Issue: 8
Pages: 1179-1207
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00125-8
OpenAlex: W89916465
Cited by: 395
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 10.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: sex differences, psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, female psychopathy, somatization disorder, developmental trajectories, factor structure, symptom levels, construct validity
MeSH terms: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Development, Phenotype, Psychopathology, Sex Factors

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Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder

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