The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy)
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The term dark triad refers to the constellation of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Over the past few years, the concept has gained momentum, with many researchers assuming that the dark triad is a prominent antecedent of transgressive and norm-violating behavior. Our purpose in this meta-analytic review was to evaluate (a) interrelations among narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy; (b) gender differences in these traits; (c) how these traits are linked to normal personality factors; and (d) the psychosocial correlates of the dark triad. Our findings show that dark triad traits are substantially intercorrelated, somewhat more prevalent among men than women, predominantly related to the Big Five personality factor of agreeableness and the HEXACO factor of honesty-humility, and generally associated with various types of negative psychosocial outcomes. We question whether dark triad traits are sufficiently distinct and argue that the way they are currently measured is too simple to capture the malevolent sides of personality. Because most research in this domain is cross-sectional and based on self-reports, we recommend using a cross-informant approach and prospective, longitudinal research designs for studying the predictive value of dark triad features.
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Furnham, A. F., Richards, S. C., Rangel, L. M., & Jones, D. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Lies and crimes: Dark Triad, misconduct, and high-stakes deception
Azizli, N., Atkinson, B. E., Baughman, H. M., Chin, K. A., Vernon, P. A., Harris, E., & Veselka, L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.034 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
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Pathology, pseudopathology, and the Dark Triad of personality
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What’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine: The Dark Triad and gambling with your neighbor’s money
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Using the HEXACO model to test the validity of the Dirty Dozen measure of the Dark Triad
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Das Dreckige Dutzend und die Niederträchtigen Neun
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Relationships between the Dark Triad and humor styles: A replication and extension
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A Behavioral Genetic Study of the Dark Triad of Personality and Moral Development
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The Associations Among Dark Personalities and Sexual Tactics Across Different Scenarios
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Comparing models of counterproductive workplace behaviors: The Five-Factor Model and the Dark Triad
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Concurrent Validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory With Offender and Community Samples
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Four shades of sexual fantasies linked to the Dark Triad
Baughman, H. M., Jonason, P. K., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.034 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Mindreading in the dark: dark personality features and theory of mind.
Vonk, J., Zeigler-Hill, V., Ewing, D., Mercer, S., & Noser, A. E. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.025 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Dominance styles mediate sex differences in Dark Triad traits
Semenyna, S. W., & Honey, P. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.046 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Dark Triad of personality and unethical behavior at different times of day
Roeser, K., McGregor, V. E., Stegmaier, S., Mathew, J., Kübler, A., & Meule, A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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The Creative Side of the Dark Triad
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Interpersonal Perception of Pathological Narcissism: A Social Relations Analysis
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Beyond the Big Five: The Dark Triad and the Supernumerary Personality Inventory
Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.2.158 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Zou, H., Wang, M., & Finy, M. S. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.025 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., Smith, M. M., & Tohver, G. C. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.060 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The role of Machiavellian views and tactics in psychopathology
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Barlett, C. P., & Barlett, N. D. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.024 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Dark triad personality traits and theory of mind among school-age children
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The General Factor of Personality: The relationship between the Big One and the Dark Triad
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Birds of a “bad” feather flock together: The Dark Triad and mate choice
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Survival of the Scheming: A Genetically Informed Link Between the Dark Triad and Mental Toughness
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Arvan, M. (2011) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-011-9140-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Thieves of time? Procrastination and the Dark Triad of personality
Lyons, M. T., & Rice, H. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.002 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
How “dark” personality traits and perceptions come together to predict racism in Australia
Jonason, P. K. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.030 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stress and affective experiences: The importance of dark personality features
Noser, A. E., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Avi Besser, A. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Conceptualizing the Dark Triad of personality: Links to Social Symptomatology
Stead, R., Fekken, G. C., Kay, A., & McDermott, K. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.021 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The United States and the “Culture of Narcissism”
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The Dark Triad and the derogation of mating competitors
Goncalves, M. K., & Campbell, L. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Dark Triad traits through the lens of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
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Malicious mouths? The Dark Triad and motivations for gossip
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A Behavioral Genetic Analysis of Alexithymia and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality
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Size the day: The time perspectives of the Dark Triad
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Untangling the concurrent influences of the Dark Triad, personality and mating effort on violence
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Good Liars Are Neither ‘Dark’ Nor Self-Deceptive
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Women’s sexual competition and the Dark Triad
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Dimensions of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being and the Dark Triad of Personality
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Feeling me, feeling you? Links between the Dark Triad and internal body awareness
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The dark side of equity sensitivity
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Don't threaten me and my dark side or even self-harm won't stop me from hurting you
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Mate attraction in the Dark Triad: Narcissists are hot, Machiavellians and psychopaths not
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Early memories and dream recall
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Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000111 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Heym, N., Firth, J., Kibowski, F., Sumich, A., Egan, V., & Bloxsom, C. A. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00095 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dark personalities on Facebook: Harmful online behaviors and language
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Profiling Dating Apps Users: Sociodemographic and Personality Characteristics
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Predicting SNS addiction with the Big Five and the Dark Triad
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Seto, E., & Davis, W. E. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111072 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Structure of darkness: the dark triad, the dark” empathy and the dark’ narcissism.
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El papel de la Tríada Oscura en la procrastinación académica y la deshonestidad académica
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- Authors
- Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Muris, Peter
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 183-204
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2598979437
- Cited by
- 946
- References
- 193
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 17
- FWCI
- 94.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Dark Triad, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, gender differences, agreeableness, honesty-humility, Big Five personality traits, HEXACO personality, psychosocial outcomes, personality assessment
- MeSH terms
- Antisocial Personality Disorder, Humans, Machiavellianism, Narcissism
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