The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 142 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review
Abstract
Research seeking to establish the relationship between sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is in its infancy. An empirically supported theory of the relationship is yet to emerge. The aims of the present paper are threefold: to summarise the literature on the prevalence and treatment of sleep disturbance characteristic of acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD, to critically review this literature, and to draw together the disparate theoretical perspectives that have been proposed to account for the empirical findings. After a brief overview of normal human sleep, the literature specifying the relation between sleep disturbance and PTSD is summarized. This includes studies of the prevalence of sleep disturbance and nightmares, content of nightmares, abnormalities in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, arousal threshold during sleep, body movement during sleep, and breathing-related sleep disorders. In addition, studies of the treatment of sleep disturbance in individuals with PTSD are reviewed. We conclude that the role of sleep in PTSD is complex, but that it is an important area for further elucidating the nature and treatment of PTSD. Areas for future research are specified. In particular, a priority is to improve the methodology of the research conducted.
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“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
From Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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“The associations between sleep disturbance and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are complex and multidirectional, with evidence supporting a causal association between traumatic stress and sleep disturbance (Harvey et al., 2003).”
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BackgroundReliability of sleep log data versus actigraphy in veterans with sleep disturbance and PTSD
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“Sleep disturbance and nightmares are two symptoms that constitute the diagnostic criteria for PTSD [3], and a substantial body of literature has documented sleep difficulties associated with this disorder [4–7].”
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The tendency to suppress, inhibiting thoughts, and dream rebound
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Sleeping Patterns of Afghan Unaccompanied Asylum-Seeking Adolescents: A Large Observational Study
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“Within this group of children, sleep problems should not only be considered as symptoms of possible PTSD but as problems themselves, given they can lead to a range of daily functional impairments in memory, concentration, attention, motor performance, academic performance, and behaviour [13–15].”
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Sleep, sleep homeostasis and arousal disturbances in alcoholism
Sharma, R., Parikh, M. S., Mishra, V. K., Zuniga, A., Sahota, P. K., & Thakkar, M. M. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.022 · Cited by 30
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Restoring effective sleep tranquility (REST): A feasibility and pilot study
Eakman, A. M., Schmid, A. A., Henry, K. L., Rolle, N. R., Schelly, C. L., Pott, C., & Burns, J. E. (2017) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0308022617691538 · Cited by 28
“Sleep disturbances associated with PTSD are of significant concern for veterans due to the high incidence of PTSD and associated nightmares which are characteristic of this population (Harvey et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSleep spindle and psychopathology characteristics of frequent nightmare recallers
Picard‐Deland, C., Carr, M., Paquette, T., Saint‐Onge, K., & Nielsen, T. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.10.003 · Cited by 30
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“Up to 90% of individuals with PTSD have difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep and experience nightmares related to the trauma (Cox & Olatunji, 2020; Harvey et al., 2003; Ohayon & Shapiro, 2000).”
BackgroundTrauma-related Nightmares among American Indian Veterans: Views from the Dream Catcher
Shore (2009) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.1601.2009.25 · Cited by 27
“Nightmares are a frequent sequelae of trauma and a frequent defi ning feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Harvey, Jones, & Schmidt, 2003 ).”
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“Furthermore, we enforced the following criteria strictly, because each factor listed below has an independent effect on sleep quality (Myers and Badia, 1995; Stewart et al., 1998; Harvey et al., 2003; Vermetten et al., 2003; Grigg-Damberger, 2012; Mellman et al., 2014).”
MethodCorticotropin releasing factor (CRF) modulates fear-induced alterations in sleep in mice
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“36 Weathers et al37 define the CAPS severity scoring as remission (0 = 19), partial (20-39), PTSD (40-59), severe (60-79), and very severe (≥80), although different studies have reported a range of cutoff thresholds.”
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“Supporting this possibility, PTSD has been associated with a dysregulation of REM sleep, together with reports of significantly increased sympathetic autonomic tone (Harvey et al., 2003; Mellman & Hipolito, 2006).”
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“Sleep disturbances are a trans-nosographic indicator of mental health suffering (Wulff et al. 2010), and their prevalence is higher in people with post-traumatic symptoms than in the general population (Harvey et al. 2003).”
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“While for most people, sleep disturbances are transient (Lavie, 2001), for others, they persist or worsen, typically occurring as a symptom manifestation of ASD and PTSD (Harvey et al., 2003).”
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“These findings suggest that slow and mindful breathing practices may assist with enhanced sleep quality and that participants who received training in slow breathing via biofeedback may have experienced reduced nightmares due to improved breathing patterns.(57) Additionally, veterans in the BS, MB, and SB groups repor…”
BackgroundHeart Rate Variability, Sleep, and the Early Detection of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
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“It has been suggested that perhaps those with PTSD perceive their sleep to be more disturbed than it actually is.(120) Studies comparing subjective complaints with objective measures of sleep have found that individuals with PTSD do indeed overestimate sleep onset latency and underestimate total sleep time.”
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“Nightmares, which are commonly associated with chronic insomnia among veterans (Harvey et al., 2003), also decreased substantially.”
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“In addition to playing a role in the development and maintenance of PTSD (Harvey et al., 2003; Spoormaker & Montgomery, 2008), nonrestorative sleep (i.”
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Song, I., Park, H. Y., & Oh, T. K. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s319769 · Cited by 18
“1) and PTSD (ICD-10 codes: F43*) were extracted and included as covariates for adjustment because sleep disorder is known to be often accompanied by PTSD or depression.(16,17) Regarding sleeping pills, the prescription information of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (zaleplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone, and zolpidem) was extr…”
MethodAlbanese, M., Liotti, M., Cornacchia, L., & Mancini, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866144 · Cited by 20
Roustaei, N., Jamali, H., Jamali, M. R., Nourshargh, P., & Jamali, J. (2017) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2017.22 · Cited by 18
Anxiety Sensitivity and Sleep Quality
Babson, K. A., Boden, M. T., Woodward, S. H., Alvarez, J., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31827ab059 · Cited by 20
“Acardinal feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is decreased sleep quality (Harvey et al., 2003), with approximately 70% of those with PTSD experiencing poor sleep (Krakow et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialÜber die kausale Beziehung zwischen Dissoziation und Trauma
Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2004) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1704-9 · Cited by 18
Sleep disturbances following traumatic experiences in childhood and adolescence: a review
Bader, K., & Schäfer, V. (2007) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-007-0299-3 · Cited by 20
Jin, Y., Xu, S., Shao, Z., Luo, X., Wang, Y., Yu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.101 · Cited by 19
Sleep Environments of Children in an Urban U.S. Setting Exposed to Interpersonal Violence
Spilsbury, J. C., Frame, J., Magtanong, R. V., & Rork, K. E. (2015) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2015.1048449 · Cited by 17
Jang, K., Shim, M., Lee, S. M., Huh, H. J., Huh, S. W., Joo, J., Lee, S., & Chae, J. (2017) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12546 · Cited by 19
“Insomnia has been known to be pathognomonic in people with traumatic experiences.(44,45) In the study by Maher et al.”
BackgroundClinical Importance of Sleep Disturbance as a Treatment Target in PTSD
Lydiard, R. B., & Hamner, M. (2009) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.7.2.foc176 · Cited by 17
Plante, D. T., & Winkelman, J. W. (2006) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2006.08.006 · Cited by 16
Parasomnias: Psychiatric Considerations
Plante, D. T., & Winkelman, J. W. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.01.005 · Cited by 16
Degutis, J. M., Chiu, C. W., Thai, M., Esterman, M. S., Milberg, W., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1173550 · Cited by 16
Ney, L. J., Hsu, C. M. K., Nicholson, E., Zuj, D. V., Clark, L., Kleim, B., & Felmingham, K. L. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1722127 · Cited by 16
An Initial Investigation of the Relationship Between Insomnia and Hoarding
Raines, A. M., Portero, A. K., Unruh, A. S., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22161 · Cited by 16
Ansbjerg, M. B., Sandahl, H., Baandrup, L., Jennum, P., & Carlsson, J. M. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2185943 · Cited by 17
Psychological Experiences and Risk Factors in Earthquakes
Çıtak, Ş. (2023) · Journal of Family Counseling and Education · doi:10.32568/jfce.1345554 · Cited by 15
Wang, S., Sit, H. F., Garabiles, M. R., Blum, D. J., Hannam, K., Armour, C., & Hall, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.040 · Cited by 14
Prevalence and Characteristics of Posttraumatic Nightmares in War- and Conflict-Affected Students
Schultz, J.-H., Forsberg, J. T., Harb, G. C., & Alisic, E. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s282967 · Cited by 14
Park, H.-C., & Oh, J. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033837 · Cited by 13
“[27,28] Previous studies have shown that improving the quality of sleep can have positive effects on mental health, such as reducing stress, depression, and anxiety.[29,30] Therefore, this study analyzes the mediating effect of dizziness and fatigue in the relationship between stress and sleep quality in patients with…”
BackgroundMessman, B., Fentem, A., Compton, S. E., Griffith, E. L., Blumenthal, H., Contractor, A. A., & Slavish, D. C. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.08.025 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Harvey, A. G., Jones, C., & Schmidt, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harvey, Allison G
- ORCID
- Harvey, Allison G
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 377-407
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163325497
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 12.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, acute stress disorder, nightmares, REM sleep abnormalities, sleep-related movement disorders
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Middle Aged, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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