Cited by 1,418Redox biology and oxidative stressAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressFree Radicals and Antioxidants

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The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity

Kehrer, James P·2000·Toxicology

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Abstract

The concept that the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (HO) could be generated from an interaction between superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was proposed (with Joseph Weiss) in Professor Haber's final paper published in 1934. Until it was recognized that free radicals are produced in biological systems, this finding seemed to have no relevance to biology. However, following the discovery that O(2)(-) was a normal cellular metabolite, it was quickly recognized that the Haber-Weiss reaction (O(2)(-)+H(2)O(2) -->HO+O(2)+HO(-)) might provide a means to generate more toxic radicals. Although the basic reaction has a second order rate constant of zero in aqueous solution and thus cannot occur in biological systems, the ability of iron salts to serve as catalysts was discussed by these authors. Because transition metal ions, particularly iron, are present at low levels in biological systems, this pathway (commonly referred to as the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction) has been widely postulated to account for the in vivo generation of the highly reactive HO. Recent data documenting the importance of redox regulation of various cellular signaling pathways makes it clear that free radicals are essential for normal cellular function. However, this also makes it obvious that disruptions of free radical production or defenses at many different levels can lead to adverse effects on cells. While the generation of HO, which is by far the most reactive oxygen species, is generally indicative of an overtly toxic event, it is through studies at this level that we have reached a better understanding of free radicals as both signaling molecules and toxic species.

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“By the effect of transition metals, active hydroperoxides may produce additional radicals and the bunch of these radicals can create alteration on the protein functions (Kehrer 2000; Karabulut and Gülay 2016).”
Background
Identification of the bacterial metabolite aerugine as potential trigger of human dopaminergic neurodegeneration
Ückert, A., Rütschlin, S., Gutbier, S., Wörz, N. C., Miah, M. R., Martins, A. C., Hauer, I., Holzer, A., Meyburg, B., Mix, A.-K., et al. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108229 · Cited by 7
“This catalytical role of free ferric and ferrous iron in the production of reactive oxygen species is well-established to occur within live cells (Kehrer, 2000) and it plays an important role in DAergic neurons and in PD (Cerasuolo et al., 2023; Gutbier et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2022).”
Background
Gelled Liquid Crystal Nanocarriers for Improved Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol
Mancuso, A., Tarsitano, M., Cavaliere, R., Fresta, M., Cristiano, M. C., & Paolino, D. (2023) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels9110872 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, Ghannam and Esmail demonstrated that CMC-based gel was characterized by non-Newtonian rheological behavior that is important for spreadability [28–30].”
Copper chloride induces antioxidant gene expression but reduces ability to mediate H2O2 toxicity in Xanthomonas campestris
Sornchuer, P., Namchaiw, P., Kerdwong, J., Charoenlap, N., Mongkolsuk, S., & Vattanaviboon, P. (2014) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.072470-0 · Cited by 7
“Inefficient removal of H2O2 in the CuCl2-pretreated cells would lead to increased generation of the most deleterious hydroxyl radical via a Haber-Weiss reaction, which is mediated by iron ions and other heavy metal ions including Cu ions (Kehrer, 2000; Letelier et al., 2010).”
Background
Mechanism of aromatic hydroxylation of lidocaine at a Pt electrode under acidic conditions
Gül, T., Bischoff, R., & Permentier, H. P. (2016) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.089 · Cited by 7
“In organic synthesis methods oxidizing reagents such as peroxides or peroxyacids and metal catalysts are employed to generate hydroxyl radicals (Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions) which readily react with aromatic substrates to form hydroxylation products [2,11-14].”
Method
Potential Use of Modulators of Oxidative Stress as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Anxiety Disorders
Boldrini, P., Fusco, A., Nicoletti, F., Badiani, A., & Saso, L. (2017) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450118666170425153356 · Cited by 7
“The net reaction leading to the formation of OHand hydroxyl anions (OH) is named Heber-Weiss reaction [14, 17].”
Background
Anemia of inflammation: features, the necessity for and possibility of correction (literature review)
Orlov, Y. P., Говорова, Н. В., Ночная, Ю. А., & Руднов, В. А. (2019) · Annals of critical care · doi:10.21320/1818-474x-2019-1-20-35 · Cited by 9
“Однако при взаимодействии О−2 с окисью азота образуется пероксинитрит (мощный вазоконстриктор), повреждающий эпителий и нарушающий регуляцию сосудистого тонуса и артериального давления [22].”
Control of Redox Homeostasis in Tick Blood Feeding
Sabadin, G. A., Xavier, M. A., & Vaz, I. D. S. (2019) · ACTA SCIENTIAE VETERINARIAE · doi:10.22456/1679-9216.94819 · Cited by 8
Methanobactin: A Novel Copper-Binding Compound Produced by Methanotrophs
Semrau, J. D., & DiSpirito, A. A. (2019) · Microbiology monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23261-0_7 · Cited by 7
Physiological copper exposure in Jurkat cells induces changes in the expression of genes encoding cholesterol biosynthesis proteins
Gutiérrez-García, R., del Pozo, T., Suazo, M., Cambiazo, V., & González, M. (2013) · BioMetals · doi:10.1007/s10534-013-9680-9 · Cited by 7
“However, excess copper potentially produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), via Fenton-like reaction, which may promote oxidative damage of many biological targets including, lipoproteins, DNA, or thiol-containing enzymes (Luza and Speisky 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
Decreasing Effects of Iron Toxicosis on Selenium and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity
Bartfay, W. J., & Bartfay, E. (2002) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939450222045789 · Cited by 7
“The expression ROS is a collective term used to describe both oxygen-centered radicals (e.g., superoxide and hydroxyl radical) and nonradical derivatives of oxygen such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and ozone (O3) (Ball & Sole, 1998; Halliwell & Gutteridge, 1990; Singal, Khaper…”
BackgroundInfluential
Novel hydroxyethyl derivative of Biochanin A induced by gamma irradiation increases water solubility and antioxidant activities in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells
Song, H.-Y., Lee, Y., Han, A., Kim, K., Yoo, B.-G., Kang, B. S., Han, J. M., Lim, S., & Byun, E. (2025) · Radiation Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112980 · Cited by 6
Oxidative stress dynamics during the estrous cycle: histological and biochemical findings in a rat model
Portakal, H. İ., Eren, Ü., & Boyacıoğlu, M. (2025) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-025-02450-w · Cited by 6
“These observations align with previous studies on the hormonal and structural regulation of the estrous cycle in rats (Sato et al. 2014; Channing et al.1980; Hsueh et al. 1983, 2000; Tamanini and De Ambrogi 2004).”
Microplastics as Vectors Influencing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endocrine Function During Early Development
Kurhaluk, N., Kołodziejska, R., Rymuszka, A., Bilski, R., Kaczorowska-Bilska, K., Tomin, V. I., Kamiński, P., & Ткаченко, Г. М. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125452 · Cited by 6
Metal regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SufB intein splicing at the host–pathogen crossroad
Panda, S., Nanda, A., Nasker, S. S., Mehra, A., Ojha, D. K., Mohanty, P. S., & Nayak, S. (2023) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20230307 · Cited by 5
Analysis of ginseng rusty root symptoms transcriptome and its pathogenesis directed by reactive oxygen species theory
Yu, P., Song, X., Zhang, W., Yao, Y., Ren, J., Wang, L., Liu, W., Meng, Z., & Meng, X. (2024) · Plant Direct · doi:10.1002/pld3.586 · Cited by 6
“In the conversion of Fe 2 + to Fe 3 + , more of the highly destructive (cid:1) OH is produced, causing oxidative stress and damaging cell membrane structure (Kehrer, 2000).”
Background
Isoprostanes as potential cerebral vasospasm biomarkers
Wiśniewski, K., Jóźwik-Pruska, J., Bieńkowski, M., Bobeff, E. J., Bryl, M., Kałużna‐Czaplińska, J., & Jaskólski, D. J. (2018) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.1016/j.pjnns.2018.09.009 · Cited by 6
“ROS are the molecules effector, which have short half-lives, ranging from nanoseconds to milliseconds [7].”
Background
When Oxygen Can Be Toxic? A Mini Review
Elshafei, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Life Sciences International · doi:10.9734/jalsi/2020/v23i730171 · Cited by 6
“Harber-Weiss reaction generates the highly reactive hydroxyl radical ( • OH) from an interaction between superoxide (•O-2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as follows [14].”
Background
The relation between body iron stores and adipose tissue function in patients with manifest vascular disease
Westerink, J., Olijhoek, J. K., Koppen, A., Faber, D. R., Kalkhoven, E., Monajemi, H., van Asbeck, B. S., van der Graaf, Y., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12165 · Cited by 6
Comparison of the effect of magnetite (Fe3O4) iron oxide nanoparticles onmelanoma cells and healthy cells: an in vitro study
(2020) · Letters in Applied NanoBioScience · doi:10.33263/lianbs92.10491057 · Cited by 6
Green Photosynthetic Microalgae from Low pH Environments Associated with Mining as a Potential Source of Antioxidants
Gauthier, M. R., Senhorinho, G. N. A., Basiliko, N., Desjardins, S. M., & Scott, J. A. (2022) · Industrial Biotechnology · doi:10.1089/ind.2022.0013 · Cited by 9
Physiological role, toxicity, hyperaccumulation, and tolerance of nickel in plants
Ali, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85621-8.00001-7 · Cited by 6
XRD and FTIR of Ascorbic Acid and Monosodium Glutamate Food Additives
Ebnalwaled, A. A., Said, A. H., Mahmoud, M. M., & YasserAlsedfy, M. (2022) · International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews · doi:10.55248/gengpi.2022.3.10.1 · Cited by 6
Iron Availability Influences Protein Carbonylation in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants
Tola, A. J., & Missihoun, T. D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119732 · Cited by 6
Network of Extracellular Traps in the Pathogenesis of Sterile Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Role of Oxidative Stress and Potential Clinical Applications
Hegde, M., Girisa, S., Devanarayanan, T. N., Alqahtani, M. S., Abbas, M. A. E., Sethi, G., & Kunnumakkara, A. B. (2023) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2023.0329 · Cited by 6
“H 2 O 2 can also generate hydroxyl radicals in the presence of ferrous ions through the Haber–Weiss and Fenton reactions (Kehrer, 2000).”
Formation of OH Radicals on BiVO4–TiO2 Nanocomposite Photocatalytic Film under Visible-Light Irradiation: Roles of Photocatalytic Reduction Channels
Terao, S., & Murakami, Y. (2024) · Reactions · doi:10.3390/reactions5010004 · Cited by 6
Stability and solubility studies of native and activated Aspergillus awamori feruloyl esterase
Fazary, A. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y. (2009) · Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic · doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.02.011 · Cited by 6
Abortion-prone mating influences placental antioxidant status and adversely affects placental and foetal development
Al-Gubory, K. H., Krawiec, A., Grange, S., Faure, P., & Garrel, C. (2014) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2014.967690 · Cited by 6
Cooperative Effects in Copper Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Complexes Catalyzing the Reduction of Molecular Oxygen
Tang, Y., Lin, Y. C., Hsu, S. C. N., Liou, S., Chen, H., Hsieh, K., Chuang, W., Chiu, L., Chen, Y., & Kao, C. (2015) · European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ejic.201500540 · Cited by 6
Fluorescence alarming ON–OFF–ON switch derived from biocompatible carbon nanoparticle–hemoglobin–H 2 O 2 interaction
Rana, P. J. S., Singh, P., & Kar, P. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c6ra14308c · Cited by 6
Investigating Antioxidant Properties of the Diterpenes from Seeds of Phalaris canariensis
Pérez, R. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences · doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000376 · Cited by 6
“In excess, iron helps O2 and hydrogen peroxide to convert into the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical (Haber-Weiss reaction) that cause severe injury to membranes, proteins and DNA [25].”
Background
Hesperidin, A Citrus Bioflavonoid Attnuates Iron- Induced Biochemical Oxidative Stress in Mouse Liver
Jagetia, G. C. (2018) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2018.08.001602 · Cited by 6
“The iron plays an important role in cellular metabolism due to its transition ability from Fe2+ into Fe3+.”
Background
Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Sedum spurium
Şöhretoğlu, D., Gença, Y., Harput, Ü. Ş., Sabuncuoğlub, S., Šoralc, M., Rendad, G., & Liptaj, T. (2016) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x1601101117 · Cited by 6
Chemical composition and evaluation of protective effect of Ziziphus spina-christi L. against iron-induced oxidative DNA damage in Tetrahymena pyriformis
Maaiden, E. E., Kharrassi, Y. E., Qarah, N., Essamadi, A. K., Moustaid, K., & Nasser, B. (2021) · Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization · doi:10.1007/s11694-021-00975-x · Cited by 6
Tetrahedral Keggin Core Tunes the Visible Light-Assisted Catalase-Like Activity of Icosahedral Keplerate Shell
Rezaeifard, A., Mokhtari, R., Garazhian, Z., Jafarpour, M., & Grzhegorzhevskii, K. V. (2022) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00476 · Cited by 6
Environmental Factors, Oxidative Stress, and Adverse Developmental Outcomes
Al-Gubory, K. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_38 · Cited by 6

Authors: Kehrer, J. P.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Kehrer, James P
Venue: Toxicology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-08
Volume: 149
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-50
ISSN: 0300-483X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00231-6
OpenAlex: W2126473492
Cited by: 1,418
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 1.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01es009791-04, 5r01hl051005-05, 5r01hl048035-07)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 48035, HL 51005)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES09791)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Keywords: Haber-Weiss reaction, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, redox signaling, toxicity mechanisms, transition metal catalysis
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Superoxides, Hydroxyl Radical, Oxidative Stress

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The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity

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