Cited by 1,418Redox biology and oxidative stressAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressFree Radicals and Antioxidants

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The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity

Kehrer, James P·2000·Toxicology

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Abstract

The concept that the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (HO) could be generated from an interaction between superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was proposed (with Joseph Weiss) in Professor Haber's final paper published in 1934. Until it was recognized that free radicals are produced in biological systems, this finding seemed to have no relevance to biology. However, following the discovery that O(2)(-) was a normal cellular metabolite, it was quickly recognized that the Haber-Weiss reaction (O(2)(-)+H(2)O(2) -->HO+O(2)+HO(-)) might provide a means to generate more toxic radicals. Although the basic reaction has a second order rate constant of zero in aqueous solution and thus cannot occur in biological systems, the ability of iron salts to serve as catalysts was discussed by these authors. Because transition metal ions, particularly iron, are present at low levels in biological systems, this pathway (commonly referred to as the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction) has been widely postulated to account for the in vivo generation of the highly reactive HO. Recent data documenting the importance of redox regulation of various cellular signaling pathways makes it clear that free radicals are essential for normal cellular function. However, this also makes it obvious that disruptions of free radical production or defenses at many different levels can lead to adverse effects on cells. While the generation of HO, which is by far the most reactive oxygen species, is generally indicative of an overtly toxic event, it is through studies at this level that we have reached a better understanding of free radicals as both signaling molecules and toxic species.

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Photosensitization of DNA damage by glycated proteins
Wondrak, G. T., Jacobson, E. L., & Jacobson, M. K. (2002) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b202732c · Cited by 32
The effects of glutathione and vitamin E on iron toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes
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“Oxidation in the Fenton reaction and Haber–Weiss reaction will convert H2O2 to the highly reactive hydroxyl radical ( OH) in a metal-catalysed way (Kehrer, 2000; Mithofer et al., 2004).”
Background
Nuclease activity and ultrastructural effects of new sulfonamides with anti-leishmanial and trypanocidal activities
Bilbao-Ramos, P. E., Galiana‐Roselló, C., Dea‐Ayuela, M. A., González‐Álvarez, M., Vega, C., Rolón, M. S., Pérez‐Serrano, J., Bolás-Fernández, F., & González‐Rosende, M. E. (2012) · Parasitology International · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2012.05.015 · Cited by 31
“Once copper(I) complex would be formed a metalcatalyzed reaction could activate a cascade of reactions that eventually would generate the reactive oxygen species OH•, O•2, and (1)O2 [54].”
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Characterization of hydroxyl radical formation by microsomal enzymes using a water-soluble trap, terephthalate
Mishin, V. M., & Thomas, P. E. (2004) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.004 · Cited by 31
The neuroprotective effect of heme oxygenase (HO) on oxidative stress in HO-1 siRNA-transfected HT22 cells
Kaizaki, A., Tanaka, S., Ishige, K., Numazawa, S., & Yoshida, T. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.011 · Cited by 31
Iron Nutrition, Oxidative Stress, and Pathogen Defense
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“Additionally, increased ROS levels inside cells trigger oxidative damage especially to nucleic acids and proteins, thereby disturbing cellular functions.(56,57) Therefore, the detection of reduced genomic template stability and changed RAPD band profiles and the overexpression of the mismatch repair MLH1 and double st…”
Result
Metal accumulation by plants growing in China: Capacity, synergy, and moderator effects
Zhao, M., Zeng, S., Liu, S., Li, Z., & Lei, J. (2020) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105790 · Cited by 31
Amlodipine Decreases Iron Uptake and Oxygen Free Radical Production in the Heart of Chronically Iron Overloaded Mice
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Exhaled Breath Analysis in Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Systematic Review
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“In addition, reactive oxygen radicals (ROS), generated mainly by macrophages, but also by lung fibroblasts and mesothelial cells, contribute to asbestos-induced inflammation [13,14].”
Background
Administration of Histidine to Female Rats Induces Changes in Oxidative Status in Cortex and Hippocampus of the Offspring
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Role of oxidative stress and MAPK signaling in reference moist smokeless tobacco-induced HOK-16B cell death
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The potential of deferasirox as a novel therapeutic modality in gastric cancer
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Role of Iron and Copper in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease
Gangania, M. K., Batra, J., Kushwaha, S. S., & Agarwal, R. (2016) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-016-0614-5 · Cited by 29
“Transition metals, iron and copper, are obligatory for a number of biochemical and signalling pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) [1].”
Background
Magnetic iron oxide modified pyropheophorbide-a fluorescence nanoparticles as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy against ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells
Tan, G., Li, W., Cheng, J., Wang, Z., Wei, S., Jin, Y., Guo, C., & Qu, F. (2016) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c6pp00340k · Cited by 29
Fullerenol nanoparticles decrease ischaemia-induced brain injury and oedema through inhibition of oxidative damage and aquaporin-1 expression in ischaemic stroke
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“compound of peroxynitrite, which leads to the nitrotyrosination of proteins and cell death [19].”
Background
Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Vascular Damage and Atherosclerosis
Giráldez, A. P., Gómez, A. B., Calmarza, P., Bailo, P. S., Dayaldasani, A., Breva, S. M., Sainz-Pastor, N., & Fort-Gallifa, I. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27021075 · Cited by 30
From the proteomic point of view: Integration of adaptive changes to iron deficiency in plants
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“The ROS are the most abundant forms of intermediates generated during the oxygen consumption process (75) and are involved in oxidative stress (76).”
Background
Oxidative Damage to RNA is Altered by the Presence of Interacting Proteins or Modified Nucleosides
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“The predominant type of ROS generated, for example, singlet oxygen by UVA (Miyamoto et al., 2003; Baier et al., 2007; Schuch et al., 2013) and hydroxyl radicals by Fenton reaction (Kehrer, 2000; Koppenol, 2001) could be one reason for operation of alternate oxidation pathways.”
Background
Ferroptosis: The Potential Target in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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“In addition, iron is an important micronutrient for enzyme activity, and the production of ROS by some enzymes, such as NOX and NOS involved in the HFpEF process, and LOX and CYP450 involved in lipid peroxidation, is dependent on the presence of redox-active iron [38,39].”
BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: Kehrer, J. P.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Kehrer, James P
Venue: Toxicology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-08
Volume: 149
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-50
ISSN: 0300-483X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00231-6
OpenAlex: W2126473492
Cited by: 1,418
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 1.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01es009791-04, 5r01hl051005-05, 5r01hl048035-07)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 48035, HL 51005)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES09791)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Keywords: Haber-Weiss reaction, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, redox signaling, toxicity mechanisms, transition metal catalysis
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Superoxides, Hydroxyl Radical, Oxidative Stress

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The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity

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