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The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity
Abstract
The concept that the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (HO) could be generated from an interaction between superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was proposed (with Joseph Weiss) in Professor Haber's final paper published in 1934. Until it was recognized that free radicals are produced in biological systems, this finding seemed to have no relevance to biology. However, following the discovery that O(2)(-) was a normal cellular metabolite, it was quickly recognized that the Haber-Weiss reaction (O(2)(-)+H(2)O(2) -->HO+O(2)+HO(-)) might provide a means to generate more toxic radicals. Although the basic reaction has a second order rate constant of zero in aqueous solution and thus cannot occur in biological systems, the ability of iron salts to serve as catalysts was discussed by these authors. Because transition metal ions, particularly iron, are present at low levels in biological systems, this pathway (commonly referred to as the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction) has been widely postulated to account for the in vivo generation of the highly reactive HO. Recent data documenting the importance of redox regulation of various cellular signaling pathways makes it clear that free radicals are essential for normal cellular function. However, this also makes it obvious that disruptions of free radical production or defenses at many different levels can lead to adverse effects on cells. While the generation of HO, which is by far the most reactive oxygen species, is generally indicative of an overtly toxic event, it is through studies at this level that we have reached a better understanding of free radicals as both signaling molecules and toxic species.
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“Superoxide can also react with ferric iron in the Haber-Weiss reaction [67] to produce Fe(II) again, thereby effecting redox cycling:”
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“Superoxide (also produced by mitochondria) can react with ferric iron in the Haber-Weiss reaction (Kehrer 2000) to produce Fe(II) again, thereby effecting redox cycling of the iron (Fig. 1):2”
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Study of Antioxidant Properties of Agents from the Perspective of Their Action Mechanisms
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Contribution of reactive oxygen species to UV-B-induced damage in bacteria
Santos, A. L., Gomes, N. C. M., Henriques, I. S., Almeida, A., Correia, A. C. M., & Cunha, Â. (2012) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.08.016 · Cited by 81
Oxidants and Redox Signaling in Acute Lung Injury
Sarma, J. V., & Ward, P. A. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100068 · Cited by 86
Ramakrishnan, S., Suresh, E., Riyasdeen, A., Akbarsha, M. A., & Palaniandavar, M. (2011) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/c0dt00466a · Cited by 80
Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer: The Origin and Targeted Therapy
Murakami, K., Kotani, Y., Nakai, H., & Matsumura, N. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12061676 · Cited by 83
“Excess iron generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2→ Fe3+ + OH− + •OH) [16].”
BackgroundHu, J., Kholmukhamedov, A., Lindsey, C. C., Beeson, C. C., Jaeschke, H., & Lemasters, J. J. (2016) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.024 · Cited by 81
“•OH whose formation is catalyzed by iron via the Fenton reaction is a particularly toxic ROS that damages DNA, protein and membranes (44, 45).”
BackgroundPadmavathi, A. R., Sriyutha Murthy, P., Das, A., Priya, A., Sushmitha, T. J., Pandian, S. K., & Rao, T. S. (2020) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927014.2020.1715371 · Cited by 81
“In addition, both the oxidative states of copper (Cuþ and Cuþþ) produce O2 which can undergo Haber-weiss reactions that result in the formation of hydroxyl ( OH) and hydroxyl anions (OH ) that further damage cell components (Haber et al. 1934; Kehrer 2000).”
BackgroundBarriers and Chemistry in a Bottle: Mechanisms in Today’s Oxygen Barriers for Tomorrow’s Materials
Michiels, Y., Puyvelde, P. V., & Sels, B. F. (2017) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app7070665 · Cited by 78
Zhang, P., Guo, Z., Luo, W., Monikh, F. A., Xie, C., Valsami‐Jones, E., Lynch, I., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05794 · Cited by 78
Taguchi, I., Toyoda, S., Takano, K., Arikawa, T., Kikuchi, M., Ogawa, M., Abe, S., Node, K., & Inoue, T. (2013) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2013.3 · Cited by 78
Ergothioneine and its congeners: anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore biosynthesis
Chen, L., Zhang, L., Ye, X., Deng, Z., & Zhao, C. (2023) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwad048 · Cited by 78
“The hypochlorous acid equivalent could be written as reaction (4) (Wardman and Candeias, 1996; Kehrer, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Anopheles aquasalis Response to Plasmodium vivax Infection
Bahia, A. C., Oliveira, J. H. M., Kubota, M. S., Araújo, H. R. C., Lima, J. B. P., Ríos-Velásquez, C. M., Lacerda, M., de Oliveira, P. L., Traub-Csekö, Y. M., & Pimenta, P. F. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057014 · Cited by 76
“These two oxygen reactive species contribute to the formation of hydroxyl radical - the most oxidizing oxygen free radical - in the presence of iron [41,42].”
BackgroundJo, W. J., Loguinov, A. V., Chang, M., Henri Wintz, A., Nislow, C., Arkin, A. P., Giaever, G. N., & Vulpe, C. D. (2007) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm226 · Cited by 76
“Both iron and copper, together with other transition metals, can participate in the Fenton reaction to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (Kehrer, 2000).”
BackgroundSiO2-Ag Composite as a Highly Virucidal Material: A Roadmap that Rapidly Eliminates SARS-CoV-2
Assis, M., Simões, L. G. P., Tremiliosi, G. C., Coelho, D., Minozzi, D. T., Santos, R. I., Vilela, D. C. B., dos Santos, J. R., Ribeiro, L. K., Rosa, I. L. V., et al. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11030638 · Cited by 75
“They can still enter the microorganism’s membranes, reacting with the existing phosphate and sulfate groups, impairing their functioning, and consequently leading to the microorganism’s death [24,25].”
BackgroundNew opportunities for RGD-engineered metal nanoparticles in cancer
Qin, W., Chandra, J., Abourehab, M. A. S., Gupta, N., Chen, Z., Kesharwani, P., & Cao, H. (2023) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01784-0 · Cited by 81
Pape, H. L., Solano-Serena, F., Contini, P., Devillers, C. H., Maftah, A. A., & Leprat, P. (2004) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.02.025 · Cited by 75
Bactericidal mechanisms of Ag2O/TNBs under both dark and light conditions
Jin, Y., Dai, Z. J., Liu, F., Kim, H., Tong, M., & Hou, Y. (2013) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.003 · Cited by 75
Methyl-esterified 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers protect bacteria from hydroxyl radicals
Koskimäki, J. J., Kajula, M., Hokkanen, J., Ihantola, E., Jong Heon, K. I. M., Hautajärvi, H., Hankala, E., Suokas, M., Pohjanen, J., Podolich, O. V., et al. (2016) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2043 · Cited by 78
Schimmel, M., & Bauer, G. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205740 · Cited by 75
“Based on the spectrum of molecular species defined through the action of the inhibitors, their redox potentials and known interdependencies (Bauer, 2000), the metal catalysed Haber-Weiss reaction (Kehrer, 2000) seems to be the cause for apoptosis induction (Figure 8).”
BackgroundIron, oxidative stress and the example of solar ultraviolet a radiation.
Aroun, A., Zhong, J. L., Tyrrell, R. M., & Pourzand, C. (2012) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05204g · Cited by 74
The role of iron homeostasis and iron-mediated ROS in cancer.
Ying, J., Lu, Z.-B., Fu, L., Tong, Y., Wang, Z., Li, W., & Mou, X. (2021) · PubMed · Cited by 85
DNA interaction of new copper(II) complexes with sulfonamides as ligands
Macı́as, B., Villa, M., Gómez, B., Borrás, J., Alzuet, G., González‐Álvarez, M., & Castiñeiras, A. (2006) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.11.007 · Cited by 74
Characterization of [4Fe-4S]-Containing and Cluster-Free Forms of Streptomyces WhiD
Crack, J. C., den Hengst, C. D., Jakimowicz, P., Sowmya, S., Johnson, M. K., Buttner, M. J., THOMSON, A. J., & Brun, N. E. L. (2009) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi901498v · Cited by 74
“This background reaction, observed in all reactions with KO2, has an associated rate constant significantly greater than that observed for reaction with oxygen alone, suggesting that KO2 in solution likely contains a further reactive component (51).”
BackgroundThe role of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of mastitis in dairy cows
Turk, R. (2017) · Mljekarstvo/Mljekarstvo.com · doi:10.15567/mljekarstvo.2017.0201 · Cited by 73
“This reaction is termed Haber-Weis reaction (Figure 2) (Kehrer, 2000).”
BackgroundZuarez-Chamba, M., Rajendran, S., Herrera‐Robledo, M., Priya, A. K., & Navas-Cárdenas, C. A. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.112834 · Cited by 73
Ischemia–reperfusion injury pathophysiology, part I
McMichael, M., & Moore, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care · doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04004.x · Cited by 73
Ceruloplasmin in neurodegenerative diseases
Texel, S. J., Xu, X., & Harris, Z. L. (2008) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0361277 · Cited by 75
Liu, H., Wu, H., Zhu, N., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., Qu, Y., & Wang, J. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14857 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Kehrer, J. P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kehrer, James P
- Venue
- Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-50
- ISSN
- 0300-483X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2126473492
- Cited by
- 1,418
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01es009791-04, 5r01hl051005-05, 5r01hl048035-07)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 48035, HL 51005)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES09791)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- Haber-Weiss reaction, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, redox signaling, toxicity mechanisms, transition metal catalysis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Superoxides, Hydroxyl Radical, Oxidative Stress
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