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Cited by 1,088Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development

Gunnar, Megan R., Donzella, Bonny·2002·Psychoneuroendocrinology
DOI 10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2
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Abstract

Other papers in this special edition provide evidence to implicate activity of the limbic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (L-HPA) system in the etiology of drug and alcohol abuse. Furthermore, studies in rodents and primates suggest that responsivity and regulation of this system later in life may be shaped by social experiences during early development. Cortisol is the major hormonal product of the L-HPA system in humans. Although it provides only a partial understanding of the activity of this neuroendocrine axis, its regulation may bear importantly on human growth and development. We review developmental studies of cortisol and behavior in human children, birth to approximately 5 years of age. We describe the development of social buffering of cortisol responses that produces a functional analogue of the rodent stress hyporesponsive period by the time children are about 12 months of age. We further describe the sensitivity of cortisol activity to variations in care quality among infants and toddlers, along with evidence that children with negative emotional temperaments may be most likely to exhibit elevations in cortisol under conditions of less than optimal care. Finally, the few studies of cortisol activity under conditions of neglectful and abusive care of young children are considered, noting that these often have yielded evidence of reduced rather than increased cortisol levels.

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Citations

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Show all 88 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Ames, E.W., 1990. Spitz revised: a trip to Romanian “orphanages”. Canadian Psychological Association Developmental Psychology Section Newsletter, 9(2), 8–11.
  2. Alwin, J., Goldsmith, S., Lane, S.K., 2000. Salivary cortisol in infants at daycare and at home. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
  3. Bruce, J., Kroupina, M., Parker, S., Gunnar, M.R., 2000. The relationships between cortisol patterns, growth retardation, and developmental delay in post-institutionalized children. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
  4. Carlson, 1995, Effects of social deprivation on cortisol regulation in institutionalized Romanian infants, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21, 524
  5. Gilles, E.E., Berntson, G.G., Zipf, W.B., Gunnar, M., 2000. Neglect is associated with a blunting of behavioral and biological stress responses in human infants. Paper presented at the Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
  6. Hessl, D., Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Self, H., Yamada, E., Osterling, J., 1998. A longitudinal study of children of depressed mothers: psychobiological findings related to stress. In: Hann, D.M., Huffman, L.C., Lederhendler, K.K., Minecke, D. (Eds.), Advancing Research on Developmental Plasticity: Integrating the Behavioral Sciences and the Neurosciences of Mental Health. National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, p. 256.
  7. Jacobson, 1994, Differences in cortisol levels in infants exposed prenatally to alcohol and cocaine, Infant Behav. Dev., 17, 722
  8. Kaufman, 1999, Neurobiological correlates of child abuse, Biol. Psychiat., 45, 1235
  9. Lane, S.K., 1999. Daily cortisol pattern, daytime naps, and temperament in infants and preschoolers. Unpublished Undergraduate Honor's Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
  10. Lane, S.K., Donzella, B., Boxer, J., Gunnar, M.R., July, 2000. Cortisol levels in toddlers at full-day childcare: comparisons with home cortisol and temperament. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
  11. Schieche, M., Spangler, G., 2000. The moderating role of maternal sensitivity and attachment security for biobehavioral organization in infants and toddlers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
  12. Vazquez, D.M., Watson, S.J., Lopez, J.F., 2000. Failure to terminate stress responses in children with psychosocial dwarfism: a mechanism for growth failure. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
  13. Watamura, S.E., Sebanc, A.M., Gunnar, M.R., 2001. Naptime at childcare: Effects on salivary cortisol levels. Dev. Psychobio. In press.

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Metadata

Authors
Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B.
Affiliations
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author
Gunnar, Megan R.
ORCID
Venue
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-01
Volume
27
Issue
1-2
Pages
199-220
ISSN
0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2
OpenAlex
W2158279716
Cited by
1,088
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 54
FWCI
7.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, social buffering, early childhood development, emotional temperament, stress hyporesponsive period, child neglect, child abuse, neuroendocrine regulation
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Male, Social Environment

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