Cited by 176Estrogen and related hormone effectsSystemic Lupus Erythematosus ResearchRheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies

DIFFERENT ROLES FOR ANDROGENS AND ESTROGENS IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Cutolo, Maurizio, Wilder, Ronald L.·2000·Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America

Abstract

It is now documented that androgens and estrogens modulate susceptibility and progression to autoimmune rheumatic diseases. At any concentration, androgens seem to be primarily suppressive on cellular and humoral immunity, whereas at physiologic concentrations, estrogens seem to enhance humoral immunity. Further research should focus on the different and frequently opposite effects exerted by physiologic and pharmacologic doses of estrogens (dose-related effects). In addition to the influence of endogenous estrogen fluctuations (i.e., during pregnancy, postpartum, menstrual periods, menopause), estrogen replacement therapy, and the use of oral contraceptives, the susceptibility to autoimmunity might be increased by the environmental estrogens (xenobiotics). Further studies must be directed to the inflammatory mediators (i.e., cytokines) that seem to alter the peripheral metabolism of sex hormones and complicate the effects of sex hormones on susceptibility to autoimmunity. Finally, genetic factors might further interfere with the roles of androgens and estrogens in selected individuals.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70171-x

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Authors
Cutolo, M., & Wilder, R. L.
Affiliations
  • University of Genoa (IT)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
Venue
Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2000-11
Volume
26
Issue
4
Pages
825-839
ISSN
0889-857X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1996899099
Cited by
176
References
71
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI
1.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
Keywords
androgens, estrogen, sex hormones, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, disease susceptibility, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, estrogen replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, xenoestrogens, xenobiotics, cytokines, sex steroid metabolism, genetic factors, pregnancy, menopause
MeSH terms
Androgens, Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Male, Rheumatic Diseases, Risk Factors, Mice

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