The Effect of Testosterone Replacement on Endogenous Inflammatory Cytokines and Lipid Profiles in Hypogonadal Men
Abstract
Testosterone has immune-modulating properties, and current in vitro evidence suggests that testosterone may suppress the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 and potentiate the expression of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10. We report a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of testosterone replacement (Sustanon 100) vs. placebo in 27 men (age, 62 +/- 9 yr) with symptomatic androgen deficiency (total testosterone, 4.4 +/- 1.2 nmol/liter; bioavailable testosterone, 2.4 +/- 1.1 nmol/liter). Compared with placebo, testosterone induced reductions in TNFalpha (-3.1 +/- 8.3 vs. 1.3 +/- 5.2 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and IL-1beta (-0.14 +/- 0.32 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.55 pg/ml; P = 0.08) and an increase in IL-10 (0.33 +/- 1.8 vs. -1.1 +/- 3.0 pg/ml; P = 0.01); the reductions of TNFalpha and IL-1beta were positively correlated (r(S) = 0.588; P = 0.003). In addition, a significant reduction in total cholesterol was recorded with testosterone therapy (-0.25 +/- 0.4 vs. -0.004 +/- 0.4 mmol/liter; P = 0.04). In conclusion, testosterone replacement shifts the cytokine balance to a state of reduced inflammation and lowers total cholesterol. Twenty of these men had established coronary disease, and because total cholesterol is a cardiovascular risk factor, and proinflammatory cytokines mediate the development and complications associated with atheromatous plaque, these properties may have particular relevance in men with overt vascular disease.
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Effects of testosterone on lipids appear after 4 weeks and are maximal after 6-12 months.
“Effects on lipids appear after 4 weeks, maximal after 6–12 months.”
From Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
Effects of testosterone on inflammation occur within 3-12 weeks.
“Effects on inflammation occur within 3–12 weeks.”
From Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
Serum total cholesterol decreases as quickly as after 4 weeks of testosterone treatment, but most studies report a decrease after 3 months.
“Decreases in serum total cholesterol have been noted as quick as after 4 weeks (38, 39) but most studies have reported a decrease after 3 months (35, 36).”
From Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
Testosterone administration decreases tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β after 4 weeks.
“A decrease in tumor necrosis factor α and in interleukin 1β was noted after 4 weeks (39).”
From Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Malkin, C. J., Pugh, P. J., Jones, R. D., Kapoor, D., Channer, K. S., & Jones, T. H.
- Affiliations
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Barnsley Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Malkin, Chris J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3313-3318
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2133251189
- Semantic Scholar
- 981651095201e9e0f90142235919f084fbf35b96
- Cited by
- 731
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 14.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- 23rd Joint Meeting of the British Endocrine Societies with the European Federation of Endocrine Societies
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- testosterone replacement therapy, hypogonadism, androgen deficiency, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, lipid profile, total cholesterol, coronary disease, atherosclerosis, immunomodulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cholesterol, Humans, Hypogonadism, Interleukin-1, Lipids, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Testosterone, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Single-Blind Method, Cytokines, Interleukin-10, Cross-Over Studies, Inflammation Mediators, Hormone Replacement Therapy
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