Cited by 313Schizophrenia research and treatmentHallucinations in medical conditionsMental Health and Psychiatry

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Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments

Shergill, Sukhwinder S, Murray, Robin M, McGuire, Philip K·1998·Schizophrenia Research

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Abstract

Auditory hallucinations (AH) occur frequently amongst psychiatric patients, being most common in schizophrenia. In 25-30% of cases they are refractory to traditional antipsychotic drugs. A variety of psychosocial treatments have been used, but their efficacy remains unclear. This review aims to bring together the more recent studies of psychological treatments and discuss them in the context of recent cognitive models of hallucinations and functional imaging studies. The search strategy included the following sources: MEDLINE, Embase and Psychlit. Strategies reported by patients can be categorised as: (1) distracting activities, such as listening to music; (2) behavioural tasks, such as taking exercise; (3) cognitive tasks, such as ignoring AH. Almost all the strategies produced some benefit in some patients: treatment often improved AH-associated distress, rather than frequency of AH. There are many difficulties in conducting research on AH. Treatment should be individually tailored and used as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Future theory-driven studies need to be based on complex aetiological models and incorporate functional imaging to elucidate the physiological changes induced by therapeutic interventions.

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BackgroundResult
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Background
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BackgroundResult
Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and emotional response to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
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Reducing auditory verbal hallucinations by means of fNIRS neurofeedback – A case study with a paranoid schizophrenic patient
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“They can also persist in spite of treatment (Shergill et al., 1998; Agid et al., 2011).”
Background
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“However, AH is often dif ﬁ cult to treat, with about one-third of individuals with SZ experiencing pharmacology-resistant AH [5, 6].”
Effect of tDCS on Aberrant Functional Network Connectivity in Refractory Hallucinatory Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
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Do adverse life events at first onset of auditory verbal hallucinations influence subsequent voice characteristics? Results from an epidemiological study
Bless, J. J., Larøi, F., Laloyaux, J., Kompus, K., Kråkvik, B., Vedul‐Kjelsås, E., Kalhovde, A. M., & Hugdahl, K. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.060 · Cited by 13
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“In most cases, antipsychotic treatment can alleviate this symptom but in around 25%–30% of schizophrenia patients, AVH are resistant to pharmacological treatment [1].”
Background
The efficacy and safety of continuous theta burst stimulation for auditory hallucinations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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“Although current antipsychotic medications are effective in managing auditory hallucinatory symptoms, up to 30% of the patients cannot receive any relief (8).”
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Unsupervised Machine Learning Driven Analysis of Verbatims of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia Patients Having Followed Avatar Therapy
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Correlation Between Cortical Thickness Abnormalities of the Olfactory Sulcus and Olfactory Identification Disorder and Persistent Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Chinese Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia
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“AUDITORY HALLUCINATION (AH) occurs in 60–70% of schizophrenia patients, and 25–30% of patients with AH are refractory to antipsychotic drugs.(1) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as an effective, welltolerated treatment for psychiatric disorders, and it causes neither major complica…”
Background
Differences between self-reported and clinician-rated evaluations of 1-year changes in auditory verbal hallucinations among schizophrenia patients
Kim, S. H., Hwang, S. S.-H., Jung, H. Y., Kim, Y., Ahn, Y. M., Chung, I. W., & Kim, Y. S. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109671 · Cited by 10
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“The overall lack of treatment approaches for FTD contrasts with other psychotic phenomena, such as hallucinations, where targeted treatment options have been developed and introduced for decades (Longden et al., 2022; Shergill et al., 1998; Thomas et al., 2011).”
Background
Low‐frequency rTMS induces modifications in cortical structural connectivity ‐ functional connectivity coupling in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations
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“Approximately 70% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia experience AVH (Waters et al., 2012), and about 25% of these patients have treatment-resistant AVH that becomes chronic (Shergill et al., 1998).”
Background
Deficits in metaphor but not in idiomatic processing are related to verbal hallucinations in patients with psychosis
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“In fact, active avoiding and suppressing represent a frequently- used coping strategy in people with psychosis (Shergill et al., 1998).”
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Eight‐month intensive meditation‐based intervention improves refractory hallucinations and delusions and quality of life in male inpatients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
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“5 These persistent symptoms can lead to enhanced impulsive injuries and self-harm, causing ongoing distress, impairing social functioning, and negatively impacting occupational prospects.”
Background
Theta burst stimulation of temporo-parietal cortex regions for the treatment of persistent auditory hallucinations: a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled, triple-blind phase 3 trial in Germany
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Differences in olfactory dysfunction and its relationship with cognitive function in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory verbal hallucinations
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“AVHs carries a huge ongoing burden on society, family, and patients themselves, often associated with social and occupational dysfunction as well as poor prognosis [23, 59, 64].”
Background
Effects of the Attention Training Technique on Auditory Hallucinations in Schizo-Affective Disorder: A Single Case Study
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“Of the symptoms shared by SD and SZ, auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), defined as the experience of sensory verbal inputs in the absence of appropriate external stimuli (DSM-5), are some of the most frequent and treatment-resistant (Andreasen and Flaum, 1991; Shergill et al., 1998).”
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Authors: Shergill, S. S., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Shergill, Sukhwinder S
ORCID: Shergill, Sukhwinder S
Murray, Robin M
McGuire, Philip K
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-08
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 137-150
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00052-8
OpenAlex: W1989579069
Cited by: 313
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 0.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: auditory hallucinations, schizophrenia
MeSH terms: Auditory Perception, Behavior Therapy, Hallucinations, Humans, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments

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