THE BRAIN’S RECORD OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL EXPERIENCE: A FINAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
Abstract
WILDER PENFIELD, PHANOR PEROT; THE BRAIN’S RECORD OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL EXPERIENCE1: A FINAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION, Brain, Volume 86, Issue 4, 1 December
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Stimulation of the most anterior aspects of the PFC (whether medial or lateral) almost never affects conscious experience.
“This study provided a large-scale, quantitative confirmation of a conclusion already evident from qualitative assessments of the iES literature (Penfield and Perot, 1963;Selimbeyoglu and Parvizi, 2010): stimulation of the most anterior aspects of the PFC (whether medial or lateral) almost never affects conscious experience.”
From Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play an Essential Role in Consciousness? Insights from Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain (2021) · cites this paper as Penfield and Perot, 1963
The highest prevalence of bodily self disturbances was found in the parietal cortex (primary somatosensory cortex: 27.3%) and temporo-insular cortex (24%), whereas the lowest prevalence was found for early whole-brain or temporal cortex mapping by Penfield and colleagues (0.1%−1.8%).
“The highest prevalence was found in the parietal cortex (primary somatosensory cortex: 27.3%; Sun, Zhang, Yu, et al., 2021) and temporo‐insular cortex (24%; Isnard et al., 2004), whereas the lowest prevalence was found for early whole‐brain or temporal cortex mapping by Penfield and colleagues (0.1%−1.8%; Penfield & Perot, 1963; Penfield, 1947, 1955, 1957).”
From Neural bases of the bodily self as revealed by electrical brain stimulation: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Penfield & Perot, 1963
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., & McCarley, R. W. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3 · Cited by 2,346 · see citing works
Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum
Ito, M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2332 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Memory's echo: vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.20.11125 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions
Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/419269a · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Précis of Elements of episodic memory
Tulving, E. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004440x · Cited by 809 · see citing works
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of Perception
Parker, A. J., & Newsome, W. T. (1998) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.227 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Pavlovian conditioning-induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors
Powers, A. R., Mathys, C., & Corlett, P. R. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan3458 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.3.341 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Fox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., Ellamil, M., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Christoff, K. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.039 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey
Nayani, T. H., & David, A. S. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170003381x · Cited by 710 · see citing works
The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming
Revonsuo, A. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00004015 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Top-down signal from prefrontal cortex in executive control of memory retrieval
Tomita, H., Ohbayashi, M., Nakahara, K., Hasegawa, I., & Miyashita, Y. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44372 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq010 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Krystal, J. H., D'Souza, D. C., Mathalon, D., Perry, E., Belger, A., & Hoffman, R. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1582-z · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Izquierdo, I., Furini, C. R. G., & Myskiw, J. C. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2015 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Hearing in the Mind's Ear: A PET Investigation of Musical Imagery and Perception
Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., Perry, D. W., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.1.29 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Puce, A. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.5.445 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia
Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Mental Concerts: Musical Imagery and Auditory Cortex
Zatorre, R. J., & Halpern, A. R. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.013 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives.
Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00015-8 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Closed-loop stimulation of temporal cortex rescues functional networks and improves memory
Ezzyat, Y., Wanda, P. A., Levy, D. F., Kadel, A., Aka, A., Pedisich, I., Sperling, M. R., Sharan, A. D., Lega, B. C., Burks, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin
Blanke, O., & Mohr, C. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
CHALMERS, D. J., FRENCH, R. M., & HOFSTADTER, D. R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/09528139208953747 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The Neuropsychology of autobiographical memory
GREENBERG, D., & RUBIN, D. (2003) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70860-8 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Key, B. (2016) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1011 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments
Shergill, S. S., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00052-8 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Cupal, D. D., & Brewer, B. W. (2001) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.46.1.28 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Processing Faces and Facial Expressions
Posamentier, M. T., & Abdi, H. (2003) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1025519712569 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Rangarajan, V., Hermes, D., Foster, B. L., Weiner, K. S., Jacques, C., Grill-Spector, K., & Parvizi, J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0527-14.2014 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Williams, T. M., Erritzoe, D., Abbasi, N., Bargiotas, T., Hobden, P., Sharp, D. J., Evans, J., Feilding, A., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Insects have the capacity for subjective experience
Klein, C., & Barron, A. B. (2016) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1113 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Hippocampal and Amygdalar Volumes in Dissociative Identity Disorder
Vermetten, E., Schmahl, C., Lindner, S., Loewenstein, R. J., & Bremner, J. D. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.630 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Deficits in predictive coding underlie hallucinations in schizophrenia
Horga, G., Schatz, K. C., Abi-Dargham, A., & Peterson, B. S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0200-14.2014 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Jones, S. R. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn129 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
What electrical microstimulation has revealed about the neural basis of cognition
Cohen, M. R., & Newsome, W. T. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.016 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Fox, K. C. R., Shi, L., Baek, S., Raccah, O., Foster, B. L., Saha, S., Margulies, D. S., Kucyi, A., & Parvizi, J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0910-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Guillory, S. A., & Bujarski, K. A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu002 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mohan, U. R., Watrous, A. J., Miller, J. F., Lega, B. C., Sperling, M. R., Worrell, G. A., Gross, R. E., Zaghloul, K. A., Jobst, B. C., Davis, K. A., et al. (2020) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.05.009 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
An integrative framework for perceptual disturbances in psychosis
Horga, G., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0234-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Mind Reading and Writing: The Future of Neurotechnology
Roelfsema, P. R., Denys, D., & Klink, P. C. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Raccah, O., Block, N., & Fox, K. C. R. (2021) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1141-20.2020 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder: a right temporal lobe syndrome?
Engdahl, B., Leuthold, A. C., Tan, H.-R. M., Lewis, S. M., Winskowski, A. M., Dikel, T. N., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2010) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/7/6/066005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Interfacing the Somatosensory System to Restore Touch and Proprioception: Essential Considerations
Weber, D. J., Friesen, R., & Miller, L. E. (2012) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2012.735283 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Winawer, J., & Parvizi, J. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Electrical Cortical Stimulation of the Human Prefrontal Cortex Evokes Complex Visual Hallucinations
Blanke, O., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2000) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1006/ebeh.2000.0109 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Microstimulation of visual cortex to restore vision
Tehovnik, E. J., Slocum, W. M., Smirnakis, S. M., & Tolias, A. S. (2009) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17524-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A roadmap for the study of conscious audition and its neural basis
Dykstra, A. R., Cariani, P. A., & Gutschalk, A. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0103 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wible, C. G. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00180 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neural bases of the bodily self as revealed by electrical brain stimulation: A systematic review
Dary, Z., Lenggenhager, B., Lagarde, S., Medina Villalon, S., Bartolomei, F., & Lopez, C. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26253 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“EBS in the hippocampus has been shown to evoke various psychical experiences (Halgren et al., 1978; Penfield, 1958; Penfield & Perot, 1963), including episodic memories, personal semantics, familiarity and reminiscences of a dream (reviewed in Curot et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialBraithwaite, J. J., Mevorach, C., & Takahashi, C. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Neurophysiological considerations for visual implants
Meikle, S. J., & Wong, Y. T. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02417-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chapter 22 Illusory reduplications of the human body and self
(2008) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(07)88022-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Recent Developments in the Neurobiology of Dissociation
Krystal, J. H., Bennett, A., Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (1996) · Handbook of Dissociation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0310-5_8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
To what extent do neurobiological sleep-waking processes support psychoanalysis?
Gottesmann, C. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92012-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Koch, C. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0925-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- PENFIELD, W., & PEROT, P.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1963
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 595-696
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W1937144007
- Cited by
- 1,230
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- auditory memory, visual memory, auditory experience, visual experience
- MeSH terms
- Anatomy, Brain, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Hallucinations, Hearing, Humans, Illusions, Neurosurgery, Physiology, Temporal Lobe, Vision, Ocular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
