The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Different methods are needed to propagate ignorance and variability
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Information theory and statistical mechanics
Jaynes, E. T. (1957) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.106.620 · Cited by 12,931
Research works printed but not linked: 23
- Hoffman, 1994, Propagation of uncertainty in risk assessments: the need to distinguish between uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and uncertainty due to variability, Risk Anal., 14, 707, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00281.x · DOI · Paper page
- Rowe, 1994, Understanding uncertainty, Risk Anal., 14, 743, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00284.x · DOI · Paper page
- Moore, 1979, Methods and Applications of Interval Analysis, SIAM Studies on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 2
- Cox, 1946, Probability, frequency and reasonable expectation, Am. J. Physics, 14, 1, 10.1119/1.1990764 · DOI · Paper page
- Cheeseman, 1988, An inquiry into computer understanding (with responses), Computational Intelligence, 4
- Lindley, 1982, Scoring rules and the inevitability of probability, Int. Stat. Rev., 50, 1, 10.2307/1402448 · DOI · Paper page
- Whitt, 1976, Bivariate distributions with given marginals, Annals of Stat., 4, 1280, 10.1214/aos/1176343660 · doi:10.1214/aos/1176343660
- Frank, 1987, Bestpossible bounds for the distribution of a sum-a problem of Kolmogorov, Probability Theory and Related Fields, 74, 199, 10.1007/BF00569989 · DOI
- Williamson, 1990, Probabilistic arithmetic I: numerical methods for calculating convolutions and dependency bounds, Int. J. Approximate Reasoning, 4, 89, 10.1016/0888-613X(90)90022-T · DOI
- Lee, 1994, Development of human exposure-factor distributions using maximum-entropy inference, J. Exposure Anal. & Environ. Epidemiology, 4, 329
- Walley, 1982, Towards a frequentist theory of upper and lower probability, Annals of Stat., 10, 741, 10.1214/aos/1176345868 · doi:10.1214/aos/1176345868
- Wolfenson, 1982, Bayes-like decision making with upper and lower probabilities, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 77, 80, 10.2307/2287772 · doi:10.2307/2287772
- Pearl, 1988, On probability intervals, Int. J. Approximate Reasoning, 2, 211, 10.1016/0888-613X(88)90117-X · doi:10.1016/0888-613x(88)90117-x
- van der Gaag, 1991, Computing probability intervals under independency constraints, Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 6, 457
- Tessem, 1992, Interval probability propagation, Int. J. Approx. Reas., 7, 95, 10.1016/0888-613X(92)90006-L · doi:10.1016/0888-613x(92)90006-l
- Smith, 1980, Common cause failure-a dilemma in perspective, Reliab. Engng, 1, 127, 10.1016/0143-8174(80)90004-9 · doi:10.1016/0143-8174(80)90004-9
- Calabrese, 1993, Lack of total independence of uncertainty factors (UFs): implications for the size of the total uncertainty factor, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 17, 44, 10.1006/rtph.1993.1005 · doi:10.1006/rtph.1993.1005
- Bogen, 1987, Integrating uncertainty and interindividual variability in environmental risk assessments, Risk Anal., 7, 427, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00480.x · DOI
- McKone, 1994, Uncertainty and variability in human exposures to soil contaminants through home-grown food: a Monte Carlo assessment, Risk Anal., 14, 449, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00263.x · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00263.x
- Hattis, 1994, Assessment of variability and uncertainty distributions for practical risk analyses, Risk Anal., 14, 713, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00282.x · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00282.x
- Fisher, 1957, The underworld of probability, Sankhya, 18, 201
- Finkel, 1995, A second opinion on an environmental misdiagnosis: The risky prescriptions of Breaking the Vicious Circle, New York Univ. Env. Law J., 3, 295
- Finkel, 1994, Stepping out of your own shadow: a didactic example of how facing uncertainty can improve decision-making, Risk Anal., 14, 751, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00285.x · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00285.x
Cited by
The risk concept—historical and recent development trends
Aven, T. (2012) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2011.11.006 · Cited by 596
Possibility theory and statistical reasoning
Dubois, D. (2006) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2006.04.015 · Cited by 462
A guide to eliciting and using expert knowledge in Bayesian ecological models
Kuhnert, P. M., Martin, T. G., & Griffiths, S. P. (2010) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01477.x · Cited by 441
The Influence of the Volume–Delay Function on Uncertainty Assessment for a Four-Step Model
Petrik, O., Moura, F., & de Abreu e Silva, J. (2014) · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04630-3_22 · Cited by 11
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF MEGA REAL ESTATE PROJECTS: A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION APPROACH
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), G. H. L. (. G., & Jahid, M. S. R. (2022) · Journal of Sustainable Development and Policy · doi:10.63125/nh269421 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Ferson, S., & Ginzburg, L. R.
- Venue
- Reliability Engineering & System Safety
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 133-144
- ISSN
- 0951-8320 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030643989
- Cited by
- 621
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Different methods are needed to propagate ignorance and variability. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0951-8320(96)00071-3
- The paper
- Ferson, S., & Ginzburg, L. R. (1996). Different methods are needed to propagate ignorance and variability. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(96)00071-3
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.