Increased Urinary-Free Cortisol Outputs in Diabetic Patients
Abstract
We previously reported that diabetic patients show evidence of dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To extend this work, we examined urinary-free cortisol (UFC) outputs in diabetic patients and whether or not they relate to diabetic complications. We compared a group of 35 insulin-dependent diabetic outpatients with a group of 32 normal controls for 24-h UFC outputs and examined the patients for relationship between UFC outputs and diabetic complications. Diabetic patients had significantly greater 24-h UFC outputs than controls. There was a significant positive correlation between 24-h UFC outputs and duration of diabetes. There were trends for patients with either diabetic retinopathy or diabetic cardiovascular complications to have higher 24-h UFC outputs than patients without these complications. These results further show that diabetic patients have mild dysregulation of the HPA axis. This dysregulation is related to longer duration of diabetes. A larger sample is needed to examine further for a relationship to diabetic complications.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hyperactivity of the HPA axis and hyperinsulinemia are frequently observed in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and in patients with abdominal adiposity.
“Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in association with hyperinsulinemia is frequently found in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and in subjects with abdominal adiposity.”
From Supraphysiological Hyperinsulinemia Acutely Increases Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Secretory Activity in Humans (1999) · cites this paper as [4]
Cites
Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P. M., & HOLBROOK, N. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · Cited by 3,083 · see citing works
Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging
Sapolsky, R., Krey, L., & McEwen, B. (1985) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.05-05-01222.1985 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Gold, P. W., Loriaux, D. L., Roy, A., Kling, M. A., Calabrese, J. R., Kellner, C. H., Nieman, L. K., Post, R. M., Pickar, D., Gallucci, W. T., et al. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198605223142101 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Self-citationSternberg, E. M., Hill, J. M., Chrousos, G. P., Kamilaris, T., Listwak, S. J., Gold, P. W., & Wilder, R. L. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.7.2374 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Stress Down-Regulates Corticosterone Receptors in a Site-Specific Manner in the Brain*
Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L. C., & McEwen, B. S. (1984) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-114-1-287 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism
Mcmahon, M., Gerich, J., & Rizza, R. (1988) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmr.5610040105 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
An Alternative Method of Grading Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R., Klein, R., Magli, Y. L., Brothers, R. J., Meuer, S. M., Moss, S. E., & Davis, M. D. (1986) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33606-6 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Paradoxical effects of adrenal steroids on the brain: Protection versus degeneration
McEwen, B. S., Angulo, J. A., Cameron, H. A., Chao, H. M., Daniels, D. C., Gannon, M. N., Gould, E., Mendelson, S. D., Sakai, R. R., Spencer, R. L., et al. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90204-d · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Adinoff, B. H. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810160025004 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Hypercortisolism and its possible neural bases
Sapolsky, R. M., & Plotsky, P. M. (1990) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90032-w · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Activity in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Cameron, O. G. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790220080013 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Enhanced Adrenal Sensitivity to Exogenous Cosyntropin (ACTH α1-24) Stimulation in Major Depression
Jaeckle, R. S. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800150041006 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation among diabetic outpatients
Roy, M., Collier, B., & Roy, A. (1990) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(90)90106-f · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal Results of Dexamethasone Suppression Tests in Nondepressed Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Hudson, J. I. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790220076012 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Roy, M. S., Roy, A., Gallucci, W. T., Collier, B., Young, K., Kamilaris, T. C., & Chrousos, G. P. (1993) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(93)90235-g · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetic neuropathy is associated with increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Tsigos, C., Young, R. J., & White, A. E. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.3.8383141 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hypercortisolism in Diabetes Mellitus
Cameron, O. G., Thomas, B. L., Tiongco, D., Hariharan, M., & Greden, J. F. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.5.662 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of black and white women
Yanovski, J. A., Yanovski, S. Z., Gold, P. W., & Chrousos, G. P. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.2.8393890 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The CRH stimulation test in bereaved subjects with and without accompanying depression
Roy, A., Gallucci, W. T., Avgerinos, P. C., Linnoila, M., & Gold, P. W. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90045-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and duration of diabetes
Roy, M. S., Collier, B., & Roy, A. (1991) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/0891-6632(91)90079-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Association of depression with medical illness: Does cortisol play a role?
Brown, E. S., Varghese, F. P., & McEwen, B. S. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00473-6 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Cortisol Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Chiodini, I., Adda, G., Scillitani, A., Coletti, F., Morelli, V., Lembo, S. D., Epaminonda, P., Masserini, B., Beck‐Peccoz, P., Orsi, E., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1267 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Abnormal Cortisol Metabolism and Tissue Sensitivity to Cortisol in Patients with Glucose Intolerance
Andrews, R. C., Herlihy, O., Livingstone, D. E. W., Andrew, R., & Walker, B. R. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020048 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans.
Liu, H., Bravata, D. M., Cabaccan, J., Raff, H., & Ryzen, E. (2005) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02395.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Otte, C., Marmar, C. R., Pipkin, S. S., Moos, R. H., Browner, W. S., & Whooley, M. A. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
11?-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 in obesity and Type 2 diabetes
Stulnig, T. M., & Waldh�usl, W. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1284-4 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Roy, M. S., Roy, A., & Affouf, M. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180df84e2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationBasal Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Activity and Hippocampal Volumes: The SMART-Medea Study
Knoops, A. J. G., Gerritsen, L., van der Graaf, Y., Mali, W. P. T. M., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.025 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Fruehwald-Schultes, B., Kern, W., Bong, W., Wellhoener, P., Kerner, W., Born, J., Fehm, H. L., & Peters, A. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.9.5953 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Impact of medical comorbid disease on antidepressant treatment of major depressive disorder
Iosifescu, D. V., Bankier, B., & D, M. F. M. (2004) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0064-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Shui, S., Wang, X., Chiang, J. Y., & Zheng, L. (2015) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370215573391 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
RetractedGlucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Diabetes
Kokkinopoulou, I., Diakoumi, A., & Moutsatsou, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222011173 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Treating Depression in the Medically Ill
Iosifescu, D. V. (2007) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2006.12.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Peeters, B. W. M. M., Tonnaer, J. A. D. M., Groen, M. B., Broekkamp, C. L. E., van der Voort, H. A. A., Schoonen, W. G. E. J., Smets, R. J. M., Vanderheyden, P., Gebhard, R., & Ruigt, G. S. F. (2004) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890400019672 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Endocrine System in Diabetes Mellitus
Alrefai, H., Allababidi, H., Levy, S., & Levy, J. (2002) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:18:2:105 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hyperinsulinemia causes activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans
Fruehwald‐Schultes, B., Kern, W., Jan Born, A., Fehm, H., & Peters, A. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801695 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hair corticosterone measurement in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Erickson, R. L., Browne, C. A., & Lucki, I. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.018 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Prpić-Kriẑevac, I., Canecki-Varžić, S., & Bilić-Čurčić, I. (2012) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-012-0191-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor-α and diabetic retinopathy: Review and meta-analysis
Yao, Y., Li, R., Du, J., Li, X., Zhao, L. Q., Long, L., Li, D., & Lu, S. (2018) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.028 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Godoy‐Matos, A. F., Vieira, A. R., Moreira, R. O., Coutinho, W. F., Carraro, L., Moreira, D. M., Pasquali, R., & Meirelles, R. M. R. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03344090 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zebrafish: A New Promise to Study the Impact of Metabolic Disorders on the Brain
Ghaddar, B., & Diotel, N. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23105372 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
MDCT Linear and Volumetric Analysis of Adrenal Glands: Normative Data and Multiparametric Assessment
Carsin-Vu, A., Oubaya, N., Mulé, S., Janvier, A., Delemer, B., Soyer, P. A., & Hoeffel, C. C. (2015) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-015-4063-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Price, J. C., Kelley, D. E., Ryan, C. M., MELTZER, C. C., Drevets, W. C., Mathis, C. A., Mazumdar, S., & Reynolds, C. F. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03297-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Müller‐Fielitz, H., Schweitzer, N., Jöhren, O., Dominiak, P., & Raasch, W. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00650.2006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in diabetic retinopathy
Ghaseminejad, F., Kaplan, L., Pfaller, A. M., Hauck, S. M., & Grosche, A. (2019) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-019-04521-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Asaba, K., Iwasaki, Y., Asai, M., Yoshida, M., Nigawara, T., Kambayashi, M., & Hashimoto, K. (2006) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.677 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
van Duinkerken, E., Ryan, C. M., Schoonheim, M. M., Barkhof, F., Klein, M., Moll, A. C., Diamant, M., IJzerman, R. G., & Snoek, F. J. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000335 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Activation of PPAR-γ reduces HPA axis activity in diabetic rats by up-regulating PI3K expression
Torres, R. C., Magalhães, N. S., Silva, P., Martins, M. A., & Carvalho, V. F. (2016) · Experimental and Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.10.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Carvalho, V. O. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01934-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pfaller, A. M., Kaplan, L., Carido, M., Graßmann, F., Díaz‐Lezama, N., Ghaseminejad, F., Wunderlich, K. A., Glänzer, S., Bludau, O., Pannicke, T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03021-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fecal metabolomics reveals the positive effect of ethanol extract of propolis on T2DM mice
Wang, C., Zhao, H., Xu, K., Du, Y., Liu, J., Wang, J., & Jiang, Y. (2022) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2022.07.034 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Metabolic dysfunction and circadian rhythm abnormalities in adolescents with sleep disturbance
Tomoda, A., Kawatani, J., Joudoi, T., Hamada, A., & Miike, T. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.038 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Richardson, A. P., & Tayek, J. A. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00132.2001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Role of the Adrenal–Gut–Brain Axis on Comorbid Depressive Disorder Development in Diabetes
Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., da Silva, B. P. B., Campello‐Costa, P., & Carvalho, V. F. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13101504 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Salehi, M., Mesgarani, A., Karimipour, S., Zahedpasha, S., Kashi, Z., Abedian, S., Mousazadeh, M., & Molania, T. (2019) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.340 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
From Type-1 Diabetes HPA Axis to the Disease Complications
Prevatto, R. C. T. J. P., & Martinsand, P. M. S. M. A. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.4172/2155-6156.s12-002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ryotokuji, K., Ishimaru, K., Kihara, K., Namiki, Y., & Hozumi, N. (2013) · LASER THERAPY · doi:10.5978/islsm.13-or-18 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Differential correlation between time in range and eGFR or albuminuria in type 2 diabetes
Jin, X., Yang, X., Xu, Y., Liang, J., Liu, C., Guo, Q., Wang, W., Feng, Z., Yuan, Y., Zhou, H., et al. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01071-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Silva, P. M. R. E., Carvalho, V. F., Cordeiro, R. S. B., & Martins, M. A. (2008) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000179662 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Diabetes Downregulates Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice
Carvalho, V. F., Barreto, E., Arantes, A., Serra, M. F., Ferreira, T. P. T., de Sá, Y. A. P. J., Hogaboam, C. M., Martins, M. A., & Silva, P. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/6150843 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Weiser, E. B. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9277-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Barreto, E., Carvalho, V. F., Oliveira, M. S., Bertho, Á. L., Barja‐Fidalgo, T. C., Cordeiro, R. S. B., Martins, M. A., & Silva, P. M. R. E. (2006) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.032 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Inouye, K., Chan, O. T. M., Yue, J. T. Y., Andrews, M. H., Li, Q., Matthews, S. G., & Vranić, M. (2008) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.07.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liang, Y., Liang, J., Jiang, W., Wang, W., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Jin, X., Guo, Q., Xu, Y., Lü, B., et al. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01515-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mast cell changes in experimental diabetes: focus on attenuation of allergic events
Carvalho, V. F., Barreto, E., Cordeiro, R. S. B., Lagente, V., Martins, M. A., & Silva, P. (2005) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/s0074-02762005000900021 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine–immune disorder in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy
Obulkasim, M., Ablikim, T., Amat, N., Haxim, M., Eziz, R., Haji, H., Li, L., Chen, X., Upur, H., & Ren, J. T. (2011) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05490.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Decreased cortisol production in male type 1 diabetic patients
Kerstens, M. N., Luik, P. T., van der Kleij, F. G. H., Boonstra, A. H., Breukelman, H., Sluiter, W. J., Navis, G. J., & Dullaart, R. P. F. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01171.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhu, T., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Xu, J., Feng, Z., Chen, H., Shi, S., Liu, C., Ou, Q., Gao, F., et al. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24486 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma and Depressive Symptoms in Type 1 Diabetes
Roy, A., Roy, M. S., & Goldman, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05857blu · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCorticosterone disrupts glucose-, but not lactate-supported hippocampal PS-LTP
Payne, R. S., & Schurr, A. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.07.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Endocrine Disorders that Cause Diabetes
Jennings, R. E., & Hanley, N. A. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118924853.ch20 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Magalhães, N. S., Chaves, A. S., Thomasi, B. B. D. M., Insuela, D. B. R., Pauer, H., Rêgo, A. M., Hardoim, C. C. P., Antunes, L. C. M., Silva, P., Martins, M. A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1555203 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Asymptomatic leukocyturia and the autonomic nervous system in women
Igari, Y., Oba, K., Yamamoto, Y., Yasuoka, H., Ouchi, M., Watanabe, K., Matsumura, N., Suzuki, T., & Nakano, H. (2009) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00520.x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Making the Diagnosis: Laboratory Testing and Imaging Studies
Nieman, L. K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804340-0.00005-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Casulari, L. A., Dondi, D., Celotti, F., da Silva, F. V. P., Reis, C. E. G., & da Costa, T. H. M. (2015) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-015-0057-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
PPAR-γ receptor agonists—a review of their role in diabetic management in Trinidad and Tobago
Smith, S. I. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/b:mcbi.0000041861.79585.4b · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Impact neuropsychologique à long terme du diabète de type 1 chez l’enfant
Barat, P., Tastet, S., & Vautier, V. (2011) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.01.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Berczi, I., & Szentivanyi, A. (2003) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(03)80060-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Du, H., Du, G., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Fan, J., Zhou, Y., Sun, Z., Li, C., & Li, W. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/7688691 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
[A marker of early stages of diabetic retinopathy].
Gavrilova, N. A., Lanevskaya, N. I., & Анциферова, Н. Г. (2002) · Biology Bulletin · doi:10.1023/a:1021772126616
Stress, the brain and cognition
Gerritsen, L. (2010) · Pure Amsterdam UMC
Adolescents with Sleep Disturbance: Causes and Diagnosis
Tomoda, A., & Yamazaki, M. L. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28592
Neuropsychological Functioning And Stress Reactivity In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Purdom, C. L. (2013)
Endocrine Disorders that Cause Diabetes
Hanley, N. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444324808.ch17 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The glucocorticoid receptor as a master regulator of Müller cell gliosis in the diabetic retinaPreprint
Pfaller, A. M., Kaplan, L., Carido, M., Graßmann, F., Díaz‐Lezama, N., Ghaseminejad, F., Wunderlich, K. A., Glänzer, S., Pannicke, T., Weber, B. H. F., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556478
Jusufović, S., Halilčević, A., Balić, Š., Đešević, E., Horozić, A., & Herenda, V. (2024) · MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research · doi:10.35120/medisij030301j
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists
Peeters, B. (2004) · VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)
Zayani, C. B. H. Y., Kallel, I., Abdelhédi, R., Feki, M. M., & Fakhfakh, F. (2026) · Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration · doi:10.1007/s41207-026-01101-3
- Authors
- Roy, M. S., Roy, A., & Brown, S.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- East Orange VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roy, Monique S
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-27
- ISSN
- 0891-6632 (ISSN-L)
- 1056-8727
- OpenAlex
- W2000365994
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes and its Complications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- urinary free cortisol, HPA axis dysregulation, type 1 diabetes, diabetes complications, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular complications of diabetes, diabetes duration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, C-Peptide, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary-Adrenal System
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
