Dystonia and parkinsonism
Abstract
Parkinsonism and dystonia may coexist in a number of neurodegenerative, genetic, toxic, and metabolic disorders and as a result of structural lesions in the basal ganglia. Parkinson's disease (PD) and the 'Parkinson-plus' syndromes (PPS) account for the majority of patients with the parkinsonism-dystonia combination. Dystonia, particularly when it involves the foot, may be the presenting sign of PD or PPS and these disorders should be suspected when adults present with isolated foot dystonia. Young age, female gender, and long disease duration are risk factors for PD-related dystonia, but dystonia in patients with PD is usually related to levodopa therapy. The mechanism of dystonia in PD is not well understood and the management is often challenging because levodopa and other dopaminergic agents may either improve or worsen dystonia. Other therapeutic strategies include oral medications (baclofen, anticholinergics and benzodiazepines), local injections of botulinum toxin, intrathecal baclofen, and surgical lesions or high frequency stimulation of the thalamus, globus pallidus, or subthalamus.
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Dystonic symptoms in Parkinson's disease are mostly related to treatment, both medical and surgical.
“but dystonic symptoms are mostly related to treatment, both medical and surgical (Jankovic and Tintner 2001).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Jankovic and Tintner 2001
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Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders
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- Authors
- Jankovic, J., & Tintner, R.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jankovic, Joseph
- ORCID
- Jankovic, Joseph
- Venue
- Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-121
- ISSN
- 1353-8020 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113609048
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- dystonia, parkinsonism
- MeSH terms
- Antiparkinson Agents, Dystonia, Humans, Levodopa, Syndrome, Parkinsonian Disorders
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