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Cited by 1,410Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNeurological disorders and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Open access
Sveinbjornsdottir, Sigurlaug·2016·Journal of Neurochemistry
DOI 10.1111/jnc.13691
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Abstract

A review describing both motor and non-motor clinical features of Parkinson's disease in the context of disease progression.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/jnc.13691

Cites

86 of 86 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

10 of 122 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation
    § The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    Depression and anxiety may occur long before the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is made.

    “Depression and anxiety may also occur long before the diagnosis is made (Chen et al. 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al. 2013 source
  • Findingcitation
    § The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    Pre-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease may start as early as 10 or more years before diagnosis.

    “These may start as early as 10 or more years before the diagnosis (Schrag et al. 2015)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schrag et al. 2015 source
  • Findingcitation
    § Sleep disturbances

    Not all studies have shown increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea among Parkinson's disease patients.

    “Although obstructive sleep apnoea, where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, is well known in PD (Monderer and Thorpy 2008), not all studies have shown increased prevalence among patients (Zeng et al. 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zeng et al. 2013 source
  • Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Erectile dysfunction is common in males with Parkinson's disease.

    “Erectile dysfunction is common in males (Sakakibara et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sakakibara et al. 2011 source
  • Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    One study showed that visual component was lacking in 10% of cases of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.

    “One study showed that visual component was lacking in 10% of cases (Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008 source

      The Discussion reports that seven of 70 Parkinson’s disease patients had hallucinations lacking a visual component, giving an overall prevalence of 10%. But the Results (Characteristics of hallucinators) state that those seven were 22.5% of the 31 patients who had hallucinations. Thus 10% applies to all patients studied, not to cases of hallucinations. (LLM, conf=0.92)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • May combine two claims. 32

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    The prevalence of Parkinson's disease increases with advancing age both for men and women with no decreases at higher ages.

    “The prevalence increases with advancing age both for men and women with no decreases at higher ages (De Rijk et al. 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites De Rijk et al. 1997 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    Around 80% of Parkinson's disease patients have limb tremor, most commonly a resting pill-rolling type of tremor of the hands.

    “Around 80% have limb tremor, most commonly a resting pill-rolling type of tremor of the hands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jankovic 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    Occasionally, tremor in Parkinson's disease involves the legs and other tremor types may occur.

    “Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reichmann 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Sleep disturbances

    Sleep studies have shown that Parkinson's disease patients have more shallow sleep and tendency to frequent awakenings in the night.

    “Sleep studies have shown that patients have more shallow sleep and tendency to frequent awakenings in the night (Yong et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yong et al. 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    The prevalence of Parkinson's disease in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population.

    “The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    The incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease are on the rise along with changing population demographics.

    “It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    The prevalence of Parkinson's disease in people over 60 years of age in industrialised countries is about 1%.

    “The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Autonomic dysfunction may present prior to diagnosis or become apparent with disease progression or be induced by medication in Parkinson's disease.

    “Autonomic dysfunction may present prior to the diagnosis or become apparent with disease progression or be induced by medication (Koike and Takahashi 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Koike and Takahashi 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    All areas of autonomic function may be affected in Parkinson's disease and this has been reported to affect daily life of over 50% of patients.

    “All areas of autonomic function may be affected and this has been reported to affect daily life of over 50% of patients (Jost 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jost 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Abstract

    In Europe, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease at ages 85-89 is 3.5%.

    “In Europe, the prevalence at ages 85-89 has been reported as 3.5% (Clarke and Moore 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clarke and Moore 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    Swallowing problems have been reported in 40-80% of Parkinson's disease patients.

    “swallowing problems have been reported in 40-80% (Kalf et al. 2011)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kalf et al. 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    Postural deformities in Parkinson's disease include camptocormia, antecollis, and scoliosis of the spine.

    “These deformities include abnormally flexed body posture with flexion originating in the thoracic or lumbar spine (camptocormia), forward flexion of the head and neck (antecollis) and scoliosis of the spine, i.e., a lateral curve of the spine usually combined with rotation of the vertebrae (Doherty et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Doherty et al. 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    In reports by Poewe and colleagues, the most frequent site for off dystonia is the foot, whereas in peak dose dystonia neck and face are more commonly involved.

    “In reports by Poewe and colleagues, the most frequent site for off dystonia is the foot, whereas in peak dose dystonia neck and face are more commonly involved (Poewe and Lees 1987;Poewe et al. 1988).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Poewe and Lees 1987 source
    • cites Poewe et al. 1988 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

    In medically treated Parkinson's disease, dystonia along with dyskinesias constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia.

    “In medically treated PD, dystonia, along with dyskinesias, constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Slow-transit constipation is by far the most common gastrointestinal symptom in Parkinson's disease, occurring in 70-80% of patients.

    “but slow-transit constipation is by far the most common, occurring in 70-80% (Jost and Eckardt 2003;Jost 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jost and Eckardt 2003 source
    • cites Jost 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Salivary secretion appears to be reduced in Parkinson's disease despite frequent problem with dribbling of saliva in advanced disease.

    “Salivary secretion appears to be reduced in PD despite frequent problem with dribbling of saliva in advanced disease (Cersosimo et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cersosimo et al. 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease last from seconds to minutes, and may recur over the day.

    “They last from seconds to minutes, and may recur over the day (Holroyd et al. 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Holroyd et al. 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Minor visual phenomena such as sense of presence and visual illusions affect 17-72% of Parkinson's disease patients and delusions about 5%.

    “Minor visual phenomena such as sense of presence and visual illusions affect 17-72% of patients and delusions about 5% (Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    The earliest symptoms of cognitive deterioration in Parkinson's disease include problems with executive function, but visuospatial dysfunction, impaired speech fluency and memory impairment are also observed.

    “The earliest symptoms include problems with executive function, i.e., planning and organizing goal-directed behaviour, but visuospatial dysfunction, impaired speech fluency and memory impairment are also observed (Williams-Gray et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams-Gray et al. 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Cognitive deterioration and dementia is common in Parkinson's disease and may occur early or late.

    “Cognitive deterioration and dementia is common in PD and may occur early or late (Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Seborrhoeic keratosis has been reported in 18.6% of Parkinson's disease patients.

    “Seborrhoeic keratosis is a dermatological facial and scalp disorder that has been reported in 18.6% of patients (Fischer et al. 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fischer et al. 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Frequent nocturia is reported by 60% of Parkinson's disease patients and is caused by detrusor overactivity.

    “Frequent nocturia is reported by 60% of patients and is caused by detrusor overactivity (Yeo et al. 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yeo et al. 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Sleep disturbances

    REM behaviour sleep disorder in clinically manifested Parkinson's disease has been reported with a frequency of 27-32%, but symptoms may appear years or decades before the motor symptoms appear.

    “The frequency in clinically manifested PD has been reported as 27-32% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009), but symptoms may appear years or decades before the motor symptoms appear (Hickey et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Monderer and Thorpy 2009 source
    • cites Hickey et al. 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Sleep disturbances

    Excessive daytime sleepiness has been estimated to occur in up to 50% of Parkinson's disease patients and may be partly induced by dopaminergic drugs.

    “Excessive daytime sleepiness has been estimated to occur in up to 50% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009) and may be partly induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Knie et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Monderer and Thorpy 2009 source
    • cites Knie et al. 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Visual hallucinations and illusions are common in Parkinson's disease and reportedly occur in a third to 40% of patients.

    “Visual hallucinations and illusions are common in PD and reportedly occur in a third to 40% of patients (Onofrj et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Onofrj et al. 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Dopamine dysregulation syndrome symptoms appear to be related to the dopaminergic treatment load and possibly more to dopamine receptor agonist drugs than others.

    “They appear to be related to the dopaminergic treatment load and possibly more to dopamine receptor agonist drugs than others (O'Sullivan et al. 2009;Ceravolo et al. 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites O'Sullivan et al. 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ceravolo et al. 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    If psychosis occurs in Parkinson's disease, it is usually late in the disease process in patients on high doses of drugs or may be associated with old age, cognitive impairment and history of depression.

    “If psychosis occurs it is usually late in the disease process in patients on high doses of drugs or may be associated with old age, cognitive impairment and history of depression (Thanvi et al. 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thanvi et al. 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Higher load of dopaminergic treatment may be related to hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, but disease severity, cognitive impairment, depression, older age and worse visual acuity may also be important.

    “Higher load of dopaminergic treatment may be related to the hallucinations, but disease severity, cognitive impairment, depression, older age and worse visual acuity may also be important (Holroyd et al. 2001;Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Holroyd et al. 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Disturbances in autonomic function

    Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) in Parkinson's disease may be associated with dyskinesias or low blood concentrations of dopaminergic drugs but does not appear to correlate with duration of the disease.

    “This may be associated with dyskinesias or low blood concentrations of the dopaminergic drugs but does not appear to correlate with duration of the disease (Hirayama 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hirayama 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    A meta-analysis reported that one third of Parkinson's disease patients have clinically significant depression, while a major depressive disorder was reported in 17%.

    “A meta-analysis reported that one third of patients have clinically significant depression, while a major depressive disorder was reported in 17% (Reijnders et al. 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reijnders et al. 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia

    Mild cognitive impairment has been reported to be twice as common in Parkinson's disease as in people not affected by the disease.

    “Mild cognitive impairment has been reported to be twice as common in PD as in people not affected by the disease (Aarsland et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aarsland et al. 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide.

    “It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Parkinson's disease has distinctive neuropathological brain changes including formation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.

    “The disease has distinctive neuropathological brain changes.There is formation of abnormal proteinaceous spherical bodies called Lewy bodies (Fig. 1), and a spindleor thread-like and, in part, branching Lewy neurites in the somata of the involved nerve cells, beginning at defined induction sites and advancing in a topographically predictable sequence within the nervous system (Braak et al. 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Braak et al. 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    Relative risk of death compared with matched control populations in Parkinson's disease has been reported as 1.6-3.0.

    “Relative risk of death compared with matched control populations has been reported 1.6-3.0(Clarke and Moore 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clarke and Moore 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    Early in the course of Parkinson's disease, the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.

    “Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Poewe 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    Gait and balance disturbances and speech and swallowing difficulties may appear in Parkinson's disease and are poorly responding to treatment.

    “Gait and balance disturbances and speech and swallowing difficulties may appear that are poorly responding to treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Poewe 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Sensory symptoms

    Musculoskeletal pain is common in this age group and may not always be related to Parkinson's disease.

    “Musculoskeletal pain is reported by almost half of the patients, but such pain is common in this age group and may not always be related to the PD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Broen et al. 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    Patients with Parkinson's disease have higher rates of emergency hospital admissions, longer admissions and higher in-hospital mortality than comparable general population.

    “Patients with PD have greater and earlier need for nursing home placements (Parashos et al. 2002), higher rates of emergency hospital admissions, longer admissions and higher in-hospital mortality than comparable general population (Low et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Low et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Final comments

    Parkinson's disease is a much more complex disease than just the motor manifestations.

    “However, as I review, PD is a much more complex disease than just the motor manifestations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    With progression of Parkinson's disease, treatment becomes heavier and drug response less reliable.

    “With progression of the disease, treatment becomes heavier and drug response less reliable and the anti-parkinsonian drugs induce potentially disabling dyskinesias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Poewe 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Final comments

    No effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified for Parkinson's disease.

    “It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Final comments

    Parkinson's disease remains a debilitating disorder.

    “It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    As Parkinson's disease symptoms progress and motor symptoms appear in the contralateral side, drug response is usually reliable and patients are functioning well.

    “Although symptoms progress and motor symptoms appear in the contralateral side, drug response is usually reliable and patients are functioning well.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Poewe 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The clinical course of PD

    Early in the course of Parkinson's disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild.

    “Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Poewe 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

44 of 44

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Parkinson's disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.

    “The disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.

    “Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The pathophysiology of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.

    “The pathophysiology of these deformities may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In one study of 109 recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients not yet started treatment, symptoms such as apathy, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% prior to diagnosis and were more common than in normal controls.

    “One study of 109 recently diagnosed patients who had not yet started treatment showed that symptoms such as a lack of emotional involvement and interest (apathy), excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% of patients prior to the diagnosis and these symptoms were more common than in normal controls.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    With advancing disease, non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for patients than motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

    “With advancing disease, the non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for the patients than the motor symptoms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of Parkinson's disease patients.

    “Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of patients.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.

    “Anxiety and depression may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The aetiology of Parkinson's disease is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.

    “The aetiology of PD is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Levodopa is standard and the most common initial therapy for Parkinson's disease patients.

    “Levodopa, a prodrug to dopamine, is standard and the most common initial therapy for patients.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Early on, response to levodopa is usually good in Parkinson's disease.

    “Early on, response is usually good.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    With disease progression, the majority of Parkinson's disease patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off), on-off symptoms, dyskinesias and other motor complications.

    “With disease progression and less capacity of the system to store dopamine, the majority of patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off symptoms), alternative phases with good and poor response to medication (on-off symptoms), involuntary movements of the head, trunk or limbs (dyskinesias) and other motor complications.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Parkinson's disease is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.

    “Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.”
12 of 12

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  1. 10.1007/s00415-003-1105-z · DOI · Paper page

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Authors
Sveinbjornsdottir, S.
Affiliations
Department of Neurology Broomfield Hospital Chelmsford Essex CM1 7ET UK
Venue
Journal of Neurochemistry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016-07-11
Volume
139
Issue
S1
Pages
318-324
ISSN
  • 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-4159
DOI
10.1111/jnc.13691
OpenAlex
W2464977649
Cited by
1,410
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 108 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 202 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
FWCI
10.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, disease progression, neurodegeneration, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, sleep disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, tremor, Parkinson's disease treatment, treatment complications
MeSH terms
Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Sleep Wake Disorders, Tremor, Disease Progression, Gait Disorders, Neurologic

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