Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia

“…& Chekaluk, 2011), difficulties shifting attention between sequentially presented stimuli (Ben-Yehudah, Sackett, Malchi-Ginzberg, & Ahissar, 2001; Hari & Renvall, 2001), poor spatial attention (Vidyasagar, 1999; Wright, Conlon & Dyck, 2012) and reduced capacity to filter irrelevant visual…”

“…by sluggish attention shifting (Lallier et al., 2010), a condition in which a reader fails to quickly shift from one visual stimulus to the other (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Roach & Hogben, 2007); (2) readers with dyslexia are more affected by the crowding effect (Callens, Whitney, Tops, & Brysbaert,…”

“…to note that this auditory sampling rate is crucial for the efficient development of phonemic discrimination and awareness (e.g., Facoetti et al., 2010; Hari & Renvall, 2001; Mancarella et al., 2022; Manning et al., 2022; Stefanac et al., 2021; Tallal, 2004; see Goswami et al., 2021 for a review).”

“T (Brannan & Williams, 1988; Riitta Hari & Renvall, 2001; Jaśkowski & Rusiak, 2008; Liddle, Jackson, Rorden, & Jackson, 2009) and visual search and change detection (De Boer-Schellekens & Vroomen, 2012; Jones, Branigan, & Louise Kelly, 2008; Rutkowski, Crewther, & Crewther, 2003; Vidyasagar & Pammer, 1999).”

“Hari and Renvall (2001) explained these characteristics of attention in dyslexic individuals by the theory of “slugging attentional shifting”, in which the processing of a sequence of stimuli is hampered by slow attentional capture, as well as increased time of reaction.”

“…in dyslexia are due to a slower shifting of attention in situations requiring to automatically engage and disengage the attentional focus from one stimulus to the next, like in rapid auditory tone sequences or in speech streams (i.e., temporal processing between stimuli, Hari & Renvall, 2001).”

“Alternative proposals suggest that visual impairments should be better considered in terms of disturbed attentional mechanisms (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Stuart, McAnally, & Castles, 2001).”

“We found that AB duration was preserved in dyslexic children , therefore questioning the SAS theory ' s prediction ( Hari & Renvall , 2001 ) .”

“…seemingly impact on visual processing, much in line with the deficits observed in auditory domain (Farmer and Klein, 1995; Stein and Walsh, 1997; Hari and Renvall, 2001; McLean et al., 2011), accounting for the visual-attentional deficit found in people with dyslexia (Steinman et al., 1997;…”

“Hemianopic alexia is standing apart of heterogeneous group of more common developmental dyslexia, where defective multi-sensory processing including visual and attention disorders is also involved (Hari and Renvall 2001).”

“Regarding the link between visual and auditory SAS and reading, Hari and Renvall (2001) assume that a phonological disorder would result from auditory SAS.”

“first middle latency component of the event-related potential (ERP) in response to visually presented words and pseudowords to examine the right parietal lobe dysfunction hypothesis of Hari and Renvall [2].”

“Taken together, our re‐ sults may be interpreted in light of a whole‐brain excitation/inhibition unbalance in which not only the left phonological network, but also the right attentional network is affected [32,77,93,94].”

“In particular, Hari and Renvall 45 suggested that sluggish attentional shifting could account for the impaired processing of rapid stimuli, such as phonemic and syllabic perception, in DD and language-based learning disability 44,46,51,52 .”

“…involvement of parietal areas in both working memory (Jonides et al., 1998; Reinvang, Magnussen, Greenlee, & Larsson, 1998) and attentional tasks (Hari & Renvall, 2001), we have suggested (Ram-Tsur, Faust, & Zivotofsky, 2006) a dual, high-level mechanism for deficits in sequential comparisons in…”

“It is no surprise that researchers have long argued that the reading difficulties of dyslexic children may arise from inefficient attentional orienting, that is, the sluggish attentional shifting theory (for a review, see Hari & Renvall, 2001).”

“…or attentional difficulties have also been suggested (e.g., Facoetti, Corradi, Ruffino, Gori, & Zorzi, 2010; Facoetti, Trussardi, et al., 2010; Hari & Renvall, 2001), as have the well-documented difficulties in verbal working memory (Gathercole, Alloway, Willis, & Adams, 2006; Siegel & Ryan,…”

“332 Journal of Motor Behavior hypothesis, is interesting because it suggests that participants with dyslexia have difficulty with the disengagement of attention once their attention is engaged ( Hari & Renvall, 2001 ).”

“…whether the impairments observed in the current study are indeed arising from early cortical mechanisms that underlie the extraction of the tonal objects, independent of attention, or are introduced by higher level mechanisms related to attention shifting and decision making (Hari & Renvall, 2001).”

“This explanation fits well with a substantial literature on atypical attentional deployment (in the visual modality) in dyslexia, probably linked to a parietal lobe dysfunction (e.g., Facoetti et al., 2008; Hari et al., 1999; Ruffino et al., 2010; see Hari and Renvall (2001) for a review).”

“9% of the variance in sleep quality (F [1,51] = 12.”

“, 2011), auditory and visual selective attention (Hari and Renvall, 2001; Bosse et al., 2007; Roach and Hogben, 2007; Facoetti et al., 2010; Lallier et al., 2010; Franceschini et al., 2012; Zorzi et al., 2012), executive functions (Willcutt et al.”

“Particularly, deficits in phonological processing among individuals with developmental dyslexia have been attributed to difficulties in directing and switching auditory attention to rapidly presented acoustic signals (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Lallier et al., 2010).”

“Conversely, some authors have proposed a generally “sluggish” attentional system in dyslexic readers (Hari and Renvall, 2001), which might explain why in our task dyslexics took longer to home-in on the target than control participants (dyslexics might need more time to disengage their attention…”

“Similar cases have also been found when testing AB with dyslectic individuals (Hari and Renvall, 2001), and with individuals suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (Kavcic and Duffy, 2003).”

“For instance, the BSluggish Attentional Shifting^ (SAS) hypothesis proposes that the flexibility of the attentional system influences the quality of phonological representations (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Lallier et al., 2010; Ruffino et al., 2010).”

“Such an impairment may derive from attentional (Willcutt and Pennington, 2000; Hari and Renvall, 2001; Roach and Hogben, 2008) or working memory (Torgesen, 1988; Swanson, 1993; Swanson and Sachse-Lee, 2001; Gathercole et al.”

“Furthermore, there is also support for changes in temporal orienting, either by a delayed recruitment of attention (the SAS hypothesis; Hari and Renvall, 2001), or by having problems with sustaining attention (Facoetti et al.”

“A recent and particularly interesting hypothesis that links the magnocellular deficit with reading problems is that dyslexics may have ‘‘sluggish attentional shifting’’ (SAS) (Hari and Renvall 2001).”

“Such attentional deficit might relate to the sluggish attention shifting hypothesis proposed by Hari and Renvall [23].”

“Using a visual naming task Araújo et al. (2011a) manipulated some variables related to early stages of visual processing of objects and found that, in contrast to control readers, naming performance of DD subjects did not improve with color or 3- dimensional object presentation compared with…”

“One general theory of dyslexia (Hari and Renvall, 2001) attributes the reading difficulties primarily to a sluggish attentional system.”

“These general impairments have been hypothesized to occur in visual (Stein & Walsh, 1997) or auditory (Wright, 2000) perception or in attentional abilities (Ahissar, Lubin, Putter-Katz, & Banai, 2006; Hari & Renvall, 2001).”

“…(Lundberg & Hoien, 2001), otros defienden como origen del problema el procesamiento visual (Pavlidis, 1981), el procesamiento rápido de estímulos (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Wolf, 1991; Wolf, Bowers y Boddle, 2000a), el procesamiento temporal (Tallal, 1984; Farmer & Klein, 1995, para una revisión),…”

“In general, difficulties in word-form learning could be linked with the deficit in serial processing in dyslexia (Hari and Renvall, 2001; Ben-Yehudah et al., 2004; Laasonen et al., 2012; Ramus and Ahissar, 2012; Romani et al., 2015; Majerus and Cowan, 2016), although with short words used here the serial processing re…”

“ii) Sluggish Attentional Shifting (SAS; Hari and Renvall, 2001).”

“The current study suggests alpha-band phase-locking as a possible electrophysiological substrate of deficient attention shifting in individuals with DD (Hari and Renvall 2001; Krause 2015), suggesting that their phonological processing deficits (Snowling 1998; Goswami 2015; Peterson and Pennington 2015) may be seconda…”

“Furthermore, a causal link has been proposed between visuospatial attention and reading acquisition (Hari and Renvall, 2001; Vidyasagar and Pammer, 2010; Franceschini et al., 2012; Collis et al., 2013).”

“Moreover, it has been shown that the slow attentional capture and increased reaction time makes it difficult to process a rapid sequence of stimuli in all sensory modalities (Hari and Renvall 2001; Facoetti et al. 2010).”

“This deficit may subsequently distort proper development of cortical representations that are essential for reading acquisition (Hari and Renvall, 2001).”

“Therefore, rather than a difficulty in rapidly deploying attention across time (or “sluggish attentional shifting”, see Hari & Renvall, 2001), dyslexic readers had a general difficulty with the AB paradigm.”

“However, Brunswick and Rippon (1994) and Heiervang et al. (2000) found no differences in performance between dyslexic and normal readers.”

“For example, according to SAS, when LD Not Otherwise Specified children deal with the stimulus sequences or word pairs, first, they have to efficiently read each stimulus presented, and after that, children have to judge if the pair belongs to the same semantic category, so their automatic attention system cannot dise…”

“This interpretation links with the literature derived from tasks with rapidly presented stimuli that propose disordered automatic orienting of attention (e.g., Facoetti et al., 2008) and sluggish attentional shifting in dyslexia (Hari and Renvall, 2001).”

“If the group with dyslexia have difficulty rapidly disengaging attention from the prime and re-engaging attention on the test as suggested by Hari and Renvall (2001), the influence of the prime might be greater for the group with dyslexia than for the control group.”

“…& Tallal, 2002; Benasich, Tomas, Choudhury, & Leppanen, 2002; Choudhury, Leppanen, Leevers, & Benasich, 2007; Efron, 1963; Farmer & Klein, 1995; Hari & Renvall, 2001; Lubert, 1981; McAnally & Stein, 1996; McAnally & Stein, 1996; Nagarajan, Mahncke, Salz, Tallal, Roberts, & Merzenich, 1999;…”

“According to the “sluggish attentional shifting” (SAS) hypothesis [32], shifting attention from one object to another is impaired in subjects with DD; is one of the most important predictors of early reading abilities; is a specific target in training that significantly improve reading skills [47].”

“The fact that general skill learning was intact in the DD group suggests that the observed SL difficulties are not explained by more general problems with attention, processing speed, or motor abilities (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Willcutt et al., 2010).”

“According to the hypothesis proposed by Hari and Renvall (2001), time is “chunked” into prolongedwindows of integration due to sluggish shifting of attention.”

“Some have focused on skills involved in relating phonological to orthographic forms (Pugh et al., 2001), while others have emphasized abnormalities in visual attention (e.g., sluggish attentional shifting Hari & Renvall, 2001), and/or reduced visual attention span (Peyrin et al., 2010).”