Cited by 527Reading and Literacy DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia

Hari, Riitta, Renvall, Hanna·2001·Trends in Cognitive Sciences

DOI 10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01801-5

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Abstract

Apart from their reading difficulties, dyslexic subjects often suffer from a variety of subtle sensory and motor deficits. Whether these deficits have a causal relationship to the reading disorder, form additional risk factors, or are totally independent of the reading problem, is under vivid debate. In this article, we review the evidence and suggest that 'sluggish attentional shifting' (SAS) can account for the impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia. Within this novel framework attention-related prolongation of input chunks is decisive for many small deficits found in dyslexic subjects.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“Hari and Renvall [114] also reported that dyslexic subjects often suffered from impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences and suggest that sluggish attentional shifting can account for the impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia.”
Background
Visual-Spatial Attention and its Relationship with Reading
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BackgroundResult
The effect of spatio-temporal distance between visual stimuli on information processing in children with Specific Language Impairment
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“With regard to temporal modulation, according to Sluggish Attentional Shifting (Hari & Renvall, 2001), if individuals are slower in directing cognitive resources towards the target, then it is unlikely that they will be able to perform a task in which a rapid stimuli sequence is involved.”
Method
Children with dyslexia show no deficit in exogenous spatial attention but show differences in visual encoding
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BackgroundInfluential
Functional connectivity is linked to working memory differences in children with reading learning disability
Flores-Gallegos, R., Fernández, T., Alcauter, S., Pasaye, E. H., Albarrán-Cárdenas, L., Díaz, B. E. B., & Rodríguez-Leis, P. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04791-2 · Cited by 7
“…learning disabilities during graphical codification are not due to a phonological deficit but rather a visual attention deficit within the magnocellular pathway [12], which could explain their sluggish attentional shifting ability, along with other deficits in sensory and cognitive domains [13].”
Background
The engagement of temporal attention in left spatial neglect
Gori, S., Peverelli, M., Bertoni, S., Ruffino, M., Ronconi, L., Molteni, F., Priftis, K., & Facoetti, A. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.010 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, a left mini-neglect symptom has been shown in dyslexia (e.g., Facoetti et al., 2006; Facoetti & Molteni, 2001; Hari et al., 2001; see Hari & Renvall, 2001 for a review), ADHD (e.g., Sheppard et al., 1999; Stefanatos & Wasserstein, 2001) and autism spectrum disorder (e.g., Bryson et…”
Background
Le cerveau lecteur : histoire naturelle et culturelle
Valdois, S., Habib, M., & Cohen, L. (2008) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/s0035-3787(08)73295-8 · Cited by 5
Relação entre atenção e desempenho em leitura, escrita e aritmética em crianças
de Abreu, E. S., Viapiana, V. F., Hess, A. R. B., Gonçalves, H. A., Sartori, M. S., Giacomoni, C. H., Stein, L. M., & Fonseca, R. P. (2017) · Revista Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.15689/ap.2017.1604.12989 · Cited by 5
“Alguns estudos defendem que uma das hipóteses para a dislexia (transtorno específico de aprendizagem da leitura) é a ineficiência ou a lentidão do deslocamento da atenção para os estímulos visuais (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Ruffino et al., 2010; Vidyasagar & Pammer, 2010).”
Background
Exploring the Moderation Effect of Educational Stage on Visual Magnocellular Functioning Linked to Reading: A Study in French Primary School Children
Bellocchi, S., & Leclercq, V. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020068 · Cited by 5
How Does Visual Temporal Processing Affect Chinese Character Reading in Children With Dyslexia? From the Perspective of Inhibition
Jhuo, R.-A., Yang, H., Tsai, H., & Wang, L. (2023) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194231207549 · Cited by 5
“In addition to VTP deficits, the sluggish attentional shifting theory (Hari & Renvall, 2001) proposes that individuals with dyslexia have difficulties disengaging from one item and shifting to the next rapidly, resulting in slower and less accurate processing of visual stimuli.”
Influential
Cell size anomalies in the auditory thalamus of rats with hypoxic‐ischemic injury on postnatal day 3 or 7
Alexander, M. L., Garbus, H., Smith, A. L., & FITCH, R. H. (2013) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.10.006 · Cited by 5
“…language impaired populations (Galaburda et al., 1994; Bradley and Bryant, 1983; Downie et al., 2002; Farmer and Klein, 1995; Hari and Kiesla, 1996; Hari and Renvall, 2001; Kraus et al., 1996; McAnally and Stein, 1996; McCrosky and Kidder, 1980; Neville et al., 1993; Robin et al., 1989; Paterson…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Der Zusammenhang zwischen zeitlicher Aufmerksamkeitsallokation und Lese-Rechtschreibleistungen im frühen Sekundarschulalter
Heim, S., Keil, A., & Ihssen, N. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0044-3409.214.4.196 · Cited by 5
Defective chromatic and achromatic visual pathways in developmental dyslexia: Cues for an integrated intervention programme
Bonfiglio, L., Bocci, T., Minichilli, F., Crecchi, A., Barloscio, D., Spina, D., Rossi, B., & Sartucci, F. (2016) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-160636 · Cited by 5
“At present, the magnocellular dysfunction is considered to be connected to an impairment of visual attentional shifting, both in its spatial and temporal aspects (Hari & Renvall, 2001).”
Dyslexia as a multideficit disorder
Surushkina, S. Y., Yakovenko, E. A., Chutko, L. S., & Didur, М. D. (2020) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2020120071142 · Cited by 5
Central Auditory Processing and Language Learning Impairments: Implications for Neuroplasticity Research
Tallal, P. A., & FITCH, R. H. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-23181-1_36 · Cited by 5
Visual Memory Transformations in Dyslexia
Barnes, J., Hinkley, L., Masters, S., & Boubert, L. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.104.3.881-891 · Cited by 5
Electrocortical Dynamics in Children with a Language-Learning Impairment Before and After Audiovisual Training
Heim, S., Choudhury, N. A., & BENASICH, A. A. (2015) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-015-0466-y · Cited by 6
“Tone pairs were used because rapid sequence processing has been discussed as a key aspect of auditory language processing (e.g., Choudhury and Benasich 2011; Hari and Renvall 2001; Tallal and Gaab 2006).”
Method
Reduced categorical learning of faces in dyslexia
Gertsovski, A., Guri, O., & Ahissar, M. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.01.005 · Cited by 6
“The similarity of increased performance with increased ITI in both groups suggests that “ sluggish attention ” , leading to the requirement of longer inter-stimulus intervals for similar performance levels in IDDs (Hari & Renvall, 2001) does not account for reduced learning in dyslexia.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The impact of temporal processing on reading in dyslexia with rapid automatized naming deficits
Xu, Z., Liu, D., & Wang, L. (2024) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1776 · Cited by 4
Perceptual anchoring: Children with dyslexia benefit less than controls from contextual repetitions in speech processing
Männel, C., Ramos-Sanchez, J., Obrig, H., Ahissar, M., & Schaadt, G. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.07.016 · Cited by 5
“…such as frequency discrimination (Banai and Ahissar, 2004; Mengler et al., 2005; Witton et al., 2020), processing of fast temporal information (Hari and Renvall, 2001; Tallal, 1980, 1984), speech-perception in noise (Sperling et al., 2005; Ziegler et al., 2009), and tracking of amplitude…”
Background
Development and predictors of reading skills in a 5‐year Italian longitudinal study
Mascheretti, S., Luoni, C., Franceschini, S., Capelli, E., Farinotti, L., Borgatti, R., Lecce, S., & Termine, C. (2024) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2542 · Cited by 6
Atypical visual selective attention in children with dyslexia: evidence from N2pc and PD
Liu, H., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Guo, J., Song, Y., & Meng, X. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121281 · Cited by 5
Insights into the multi-factorial nature of reading difficulties: exploring phonological, visual, and attentional challenges in children
Mancarella, M., Wouters, J. M., Facoetti, A., & Ghesquière, P. (2025) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106606 · Cited by 4
Morphometric changes in subcortical structures of the central auditory pathway in mice with bilateral nodular heterotopia
Truong, D. T., Rendall, A. R., Rosen, G. D., & FITCH, R. H. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.046 · Cited by 4
Rhythmogram-Based Analysis for Continuous Electrographic Data of the Human Brain
Ioannides, A. A., & Sargsyan, A. R. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2011.2170217 · Cited by 4
Behavioral Precursors of Developmental Dyslexia
Landerl, K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553377.011 · Cited by 4
Reading problems and their connection with visual search and attention
Sigurdardottir, H. M., Omarsdottir, H. R., & Valgeirsdottir, A. S. (2024) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1764 · Cited by 5
Regulating activity in children with learning disabilities: Neuropsychological testing data
Agris, A. R., & Akhutina, T. V. (2014) · National Psychological Journal · doi:10.11621/npj.2014.0408 · Cited by 4
Abnormal Response Recovery in the Right Somatosensory Cortex of Dyslexic Adults
Renvall, H., Lehtonen, R., & Hari, R. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh150 · Cited by 4
“…the subjects, due to weakened and sluggish stimulus-triggered attentional mechanisms, have prolonged ‘input chunks’ that lead into distorted processing of rapid stimulus sequences and impair the proper development of cortical representations needed for reading acquisition (Hari and Renvall, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Resting-State Functional Connectivity within Default Mode Network in Chinese-speaking Children with Specific Learning Disabilities
Weng, J. C., Wang, N. Y., Li, C. J., & Wang, H. L. S. (2018) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000414 · Cited by 6
“However, the difficulties demonstrated by children with SLD may result from fundamental deficits in cognitive abilities, such as auditory perception [12-14], visual perception [15-17], temporal processing [18,19], abstraction [20], memory [21-23], or motor functioning [24,25].”
Background
Newborn brain responses measuring feature and change detection and predicting later language development in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia
Guttorm, T. K. (2003) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 4
The impact of phonological relatedness on semantic congruency judgements in readers with dyslexia: Evidence from behavioural judgements, event related potentials and pupillometry
Egan, C., Payne, J. S., & Jones, M. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108548 · Cited by 3
“Whilst these findings may reflect a generalized attentional deficit (Gabrieli and Norton, 2012; Hari and Renvall, 2001; Krause, 2015; Shaywitz and Shaywitz, 2008; Laeng et al., 2012), an alternative possibility is a reduced attentional response in dyslexic readers, specifically to written words…”
Background
Early maturation of neural auditory novelty detection − Typical development with no major effects of dyslexia risk or music intervention
Kujala, T., Putkinen, V., & Virtala, P. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.09.005 · Cited by 3
The prediction of syllable awareness, character reading ability, and rapid automatized naming on phoneme awareness: Evidence from a longitudinal Cross-lagged model
Li, S., Fan, T., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2024.101534 · Cited by 4
Flickering lenses enhance reading performance through placebo effect
Franceschini, S., Puccio, G., Bertoni, S., Mascheretti, S., Cappellini, A., Gori, S., & Facoetti, A. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02146-9 · Cited by 3
“Multiple causal factors, such as visual perception and attention, could be at the basis of DD (Stein & Walsh1997 ; Hari & Renvall, 2001; Laycock & Crewther, 2008; Vidyas-agar & Pammer, 2010; Gori & Facoetti, 2014; Peters et al., 2019).”
Working memory in Cantonese and German speaking dyslexic children
Witruk, E. (2019) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2019.88663 · Cited by 3
“Auditory working memory deficits for nonlinguistic material were found by Helenius, Uutela, and Hari (1999), and for tone series by Hari and Renvall (2001). Regarding the deficits of phonological working memory, research evidence has been more convergent. Ho, Law, and Ng (2000) and Ho and Lai (2000) were able to valid…”
Deepening temporal cues in reading manipulations for dyslexia: A commentary on Horowitz-Kraus et al. (2023)
Cancer, A., & Antonietti, A. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.12.007 · Cited by 3
Enhanced Reading Skills are Associated with Auditory Spatial Attentional Rebalance Induced by the Exposure to Dual-language Contexts
Lallier, M., Pérez‐Navarro, J., & Ordin, M. (2024) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2024.2317128 · Cited by 4
“…skills such as dyslexia (Facoetti & Turatto, 2000; Facoetti et al., 2001, 2005; Lallier & Valdois, 2012; Lallier et al., 2013a, 2013b; Lallier, Donnadieu, et al., 2010; Lallier, Tainturier, et al., 2010), which supports the “sluggish attentional shifting theory” of dyslexia (Hari & Renvall, 2001).”
Психогенетика пространственных способностей человека
Takhirova, Z., Казанцева, А. В., Enikeeva, R. F., Вартанян, Г. А., Soldatova, E. L., Завьялова, И. Ю., Сергеевич, М. А., Davydova, Y. D., Валиев, Р. Р., Нургалиева, А., et al. (2021) · Российский психологический журнал · doi:10.21702/rpj.2021.2.5 · Cited by 3
“…theories have been put forward considering the reasons for this defect, including impaired visual perception of objects, spatial orientation in the text among them, and attention mechanisms in general (Hari & Renvall, 2001; Smith-Spark & Fisk, 2007; Ruffino et al., 2010; Vidyasagar & Pammer, 2010).”
Background
Prise en charge des dyslexies développementales : critères d'évaluation
Lobier, M., & Valdois, S. (2009) · Revue de neuropsychologie · doi:10.1684/nrp.2009.0018 · Cited by 3
Of rats and men: A reply to Skottun
Dhar, M., Been, P. H., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2010) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.02.001 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, evidence showing deficits in rapid sensory processing both in the visual and auditory domain in dyslexics is simply too abundant to dismiss (e.g., Farmer and Klein, 1995; Habib, 2000; Hari and Renvall, 2001).”
Background

Authors: Hari, R., & Renvall, H.
Affiliations: Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
Corresponding author: Hari, Riitta
ORCID: Hari, Riitta
Renvall, Hanna
Venue: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 12
Pages: 525-532
ISSN: 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01801-5
OpenAlex: W2092362456
Cited by: 527
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: dyslexia, attentional shift, sensorimotor deficits, reading disorders, attentional control

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Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia

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