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Hippocampal and neocortical contributions to memory: advances in the complementary learning systems framework
Abstract
The complementary learning systems framework provides a simple set of principles, derived from converging biological, psychological and computational constraints, for understanding the differential contributions of the neocortex and hippocampus to learning and memory. The central principles are that the neocortex has a low learning rate and uses overlapping distributed representations to extract the general statistical structure of the environment, whereas the hippocampus learns rapidly using separated representations to encode the details of specific events while minimizing interference. In recent years, we have instantiated these principles in working computational models, and have used these models to address human and animal learning and memory findings, across a wide range of domains and paradigms. Here, we review a few representative applications of our models, focusing on two domains: recognition memory and animal learning in the fear-conditioning paradigm. In both domains, the models have generated novel predictions that have been tested and confirmed.
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“The two complementary memory systems-the hippocampal system and the neocortical sensori-motor areas-allow the coexistence of instances and abstractions, thus solving the two basic knowledge functions of an organism that needs to be able to acquire both specifics ~”
From AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2005) · cites this paper as O'Reilly & Norman, 2002
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Metadata
- Authors
- O'Reilly, R. C., & Norman, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- ORCID
- Norman, Kenneth A
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 505-510
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104939199
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- complementary learning systems, hippocampus, neocortex, memory, recognition memory, fear conditioning, computational models of learning, distributed representations, learning rate, interference minimization
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