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The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses
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Frequent use of psychological skills is associated with larger reductions in competitive anxiety, potentially through increased effort, motivation, self-efficacy, and improved regulation of anxiety responses.
“Previous research has shown that frequent use of psychological skills is associated with larger reductions in competitive anxiety, potentially through increased effort, motivation, self-efficacy, and improved regulation of anxiety responses [3, 115–118].”
From The Effect of Different Psychological Interventions on Athletes' Competitive Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [115]
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BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of In Vivo Emotive Imagery and Performance Feedback on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance
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“…and colleagues who have successfully identified several individual difference variables including: competitiveness (Jones & Swain, 1992), performance (Jones, Swain & Hardy, 1993), skill level (Jones, Hanton & Swain, 1994; Jones & Swain, 1995), and goal attainment expectancy (Jones & Hanton, 1996).”
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Moritz, S. E., Hall, C. R., Ginis, K. A. M., & Vadocz, E. A. (1996) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.10.2.171 · Cited by 139
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BackgroundStress and performance in sport
Jones, J. G., & Hardy, L. (1990) · Cited by 130
Current status and prominent issues in sport psychology interventions
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Self-citationPsychological Skills Training in Golf: The Role of Individual Differences in Cognitive Preferences
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Removing emotional obstacles to learning and performance by visuo-motor behavior rehearsal
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stress in elite sport performers: A comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors
Hanton, S., Fletcher, D., & Coughlan, G. (2005) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410500131480 · Cited by 356
“In a similar vein, Fletcher and Hanton (2003a) speculated that elite athletes experience more stressors associated primarily and directly with the sport organization than with competitive performance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCompetition stress in sport performers: Stressors experienced in the competition environment
Mellalieu, S. D., Neil, R., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410902889834 · Cited by 298
“Fletcher & Hanton, 2001 , 2003 ; Hanton, Fletcher, & Coughlan, 2005 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSelf-confidence and anxiety interpretation: A qualitative investigation
Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hall, R. (2003) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(03)00040-2 · Cited by 207
Self-citationPre-competitive feeling states and directional anxiety interpretations
Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (2001) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404101300149348 · Cited by 195
Self-citationMental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies
Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (2009) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390903049972 · Cited by 191
“Several researchers have recommended the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS; Thomas, Murphy, & Hardy, 1999 ) as an appropriate instrument for assessing use of psychological skills (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001 ; Gould, Dieffenbach, & Moffett, 2002 ; Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2000 ; Williams, Hardy, & Mutrie, 2…”
MethodA Competitive Anxiety Review: Recent Directions in Sport Psychology Research
Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2013) · Cited by 188
Self-citationSources of Organizational Stress in Elite Sports Performers
Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2003) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.17.2.175 · Cited by 201
Self-citationThe role of sensitizing experiences in music performance anxiety in adolescent musicians
Osborne, M. S., & Kenny, D. T. (2008) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735607086051 · Cited by 184
“…other social-evaluative anxieties such as test anxiety (Beidel & Turner, 1988; King et al., 1995; Prins & Hanewald, 1999), public speaking (Burns, 1999; Pelletier, 2003; Woody, 1996) and sports performance (Fletcher & Hanton 2001; Hanton, O’Brien, & Mellalieu, 2003; Hardy, Jones, & Gould, 1996).”
Perceived impact of anger and anxiety on sporting performance in rugby players
Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2006) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.005 · Cited by 155
“et al., 1994), experience (Mellalieu, Hanton, & O’Brien, 2004), performance (Jones et al., 1993), competitiveness (Jones & Swain, 1992), anxiety antecedents (Hanton & Jones, 1997), psychological skills ( Fletcher & Hanton, 2001 ), sport type (Hanton, Jones, & Mullen, 2000), hardiness (Hanton, Evans, & Neil, 2003), and…”
Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes
Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. J. (2009) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195 · Cited by 153
Recent developments in competitive anxiety direction and competition stress research
Hanton, S., Neil, R., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2008) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840701827445 · Cited by 150
“…coping strategies (Ntoumanis & Biddle, 1998; Eubank & Collins, 2000; Jerome & Williams, 2000); psychological skills (Maynard et al., 1995a,b; Hale & Whitehouse, 1998; Page et al., 1999; Fletcher & Hanton, 2001); achievement motivation (Ntoumanis & Biddle, 1998); and gender (Perry & Williams, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPerceived Control of Anxiety and its Relationship to Self-Confidence and Performance
Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2002.10608995 · Cited by 147
Self-citationA systematic review of stress management interventions with sport performers.
Rumbold, J. L., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2011) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026628 · Cited by 142
“In this way, it is possible that cognitive restructuring techniques may be more beneficial for elite athletes in comparison to non-elite and younger performers who may find stress reduction treatments more effective (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001).”
Self-citationMotivational Profiles and Psychological Skills Use within Elite Youth Sport
Harwood, C., Cumming, J., & Fletcher, D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200490517986 · Cited by 132
“Within its 16 subscales, the TOPS allows researchers to investigate four of the most commonly cited and established psychological strategies (ie, Goal setting, Imagery, Relaxation, and Self-talk) for both practice and competition contexts ( Fletcher & Hanton, 2001 ; Hardy et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntensity and direction of competitive anxiety as a function of sport type and experience
Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & O’Brien, M. K. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00389.x · Cited by 131
“to moderate interpretation of symptoms associated with anxiety are the nature of the sport and the experience level of the athlete (Jones, 1995; Hanton et al., 2002c). During the original construct validation of the CSAI-2, Martens et al. (1990a) generated several predictions regarding sport type and the anxiety respo…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationA conceptual framework of organizational stressors in sport performers
Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Neil, R. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01242.x · Cited by 136
“Following the procedures adopted by Fletcher and Hanton (2003b) (Hanton et al.”
MethodSelf-citationSleep, Recovery, and Athletic Performance
Bird, S. P. (2013) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182a62e2f · Cited by 102
“Fletcher and Hanton (7) suggested that psychological skills of relaxation, goal setting, imagery, and self-talk emerged as particularly pertinent in influencing the competitive anxiety response in athletes.”
BackgroundTest of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis
Hardy, L., Roberts, R., Thomas, P. R., & Murphy, S. M. (2009) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.007 · Cited by 101
“Fletcher and Hanton (2001) used the TOPS to examine whether the use of psychological skills was related to athletes’ competitive anxiety responses.”
MethodInfluentialSeventy-five years of motivation measures (1930–2005): A descriptive analysis
Mayer, J. D., Faber, M. A., & Xu, X. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9060-2 · Cited by 107
Effects of psychological interventions on competitive anxiety in sport: A meta-analysis
Ong, N. C. H., & Chua, J. H. E. (2021) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101836 · Cited by 91
Fogaça, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2019.1648326 · Cited by 90
Neil, R., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hanton, S. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 87
Self-citationA Qualitative Exploration of Psychological-Skills Use in Coaches
Thelwell, R., Weston, N. J. V., Greenlees, I. A., & Hutchings, N. V. (2008) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.22.1.38 · Cited by 80
“Instead, researchers (e.g., Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Harwood, Cumming, & Fletcher, 2004) have tended to focus on the aforementioned four skills rather than all eight across training and competition domains.”
BackgroundHanton, S., Jones, G., & Mullen, R. (2000) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.513 · Cited by 68
Self-citationEmotional Labeling and Competitive Anxiety in Preparation and Competition
Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2003) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.17.2.157 · Cited by 67
Self-citationPerformance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition
Taylor, M. K., Gould, D. R., & Rolo, C. (2008) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598130801980281 · Cited by 63
“Since its conception, the TOPS has been successfully implemented in the sport science literature, linking psychological skills in both practice and competition to perceptions of success (Frey, Lagun, & Ravizza, 2003), self-efficacy (Lowther, Lane, & Lane, 2002) and competitive anxiety responses (Fletcher and Hanton, 2…”
MethodMellalieu, S. D., Neil, R., & Hanton, S. (2006) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2006.10599359 · Cited by 62
“For example, Hanton and Connaughton (2002) observed that elite and nonelite performers who perceived cognitive and somatic symptoms to be under their control reported a facilitative interpretation of symptoms along with increased self-confidence.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationIntensity, idiosyncratic content and functional impact of performance-related emotions in athletes
Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000071065 · Cited by 61
“This result, although related to emotions, is in line with the findings of directional anxiety perception for non-elite athletes (Maynard et al., 1995; Fletcher and Hanton, 2001), but contrasts with the”
ResultPsychological Characteristics and Their Relation to Performance in Professional Golfers
Bois, J. E., Sarrazin, P. G., Southon, J., & Boiché, J. C. S. (2009) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.23.2.252 · Cited by 60
“This scale has been consistently used in the past and has demonstrated good psychometric properties (Debois et al., 2004; Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Harwood et al., 2004).”
MethodResultInfluentialToward a Theory of Emotions in Competitive Sports
Jekauc, D., Fritsch, J., & Latinjak, A. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790423 · Cited by 74
Lundqvist, C., Kenttä, G., & Raglin, J. S. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01102.x · Cited by 56
“…of variance have yielded support to the hypothesis that athletes differ in their ratings of anxiety symptoms as facilitative or debilitative (Jones & Swain, 1992; Jones et al., 1993; Jones & Hanton, 1996; Hanton & Jones, 1997; Hanton et al., 2000; Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Mellalieu et al., 2004).”
BackgroundPerformance Anxiety Experiences of Professional Ballet Dancers
Walker, I. J., & Nordin‐Bates, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Dance Medicine & Science · doi:10.1177/1089313x1001400402 · Cited by 56
Psychological Skills Training for Athletes in Sports: Web of Science Bibliometric Analysis
Park, I., & Jeon, J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11020259 · Cited by 52
“With the efforts to identify the effective sport psychology consultant characteristics [8,11] and the publication of psychological consultant guidelines for athletes [12], recent studies have focused primarily on interventional research [13,14].”
BackgroundAlleviation of Choking Under Pressure in Elite Golf: An Action Research Study
Hill, D. M., Hanton, S., Matthews, N., & Fleming, S. (2011) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.25.4.465 · Cited by 50
Self-citationTemporal Aspects of Competitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence as a Function of Anxiety Perceptions
Thomas, O., Maynard, I. W., & Hanton, S. (2004) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.18.2.172 · Cited by 50
“…Swain, & Hardy, 1993), competitiveness (Jones & Swain, 1992), antecedents of competitive anxiety (Hanton & Jones, 1997), psychological skill use (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001), sport type classification (Hanton, Jones, & Mullen, 2000), hardiness (Hanton, Evans, & Neil, 2003), and gender (Perry &…”
Self-citationJanelle, C. M., Fawver, B. J., & Beatty, G. F. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch13 · Cited by 52
Basic Psychological Skills Usage and Competitive Anxiety Responses: Perceived Underlying Mechanisms
Wadey, R., & Hanton, S. (2008) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599500 · Cited by 46
“Specifically, initial questions focused on participants’ thoughts and feelings approximately 1 hr prior to competition (a time scale used in previous research; e.g., Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Jones & Hanton, 1996) and basic psychological skill usage (i.e., where, when, and what).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of confidence and anxiety on flow state in competition
Koehn, S. (2012) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.746731 · Cited by 44
“This result, supported by the previous studies (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001), led to the conclusion that the intensity and directional perception scales for confidence essentially measure the same state (Jones & Hanton, 2001).”
ResultSleep Data, Physical Performance, and Injuries in Preparation for Professional Mixed Martial Arts
Peacock, C. A., Mena, M., Sanders, G. J., Silver, T. A., Kalman, D., & António, J. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7010001 · Cited by 43
Márquez, S. (2006) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 43
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes
Lane, A. M., Harwood, C., Terry, P. C., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410410001716689 · Cited by 41
Hagan, J. E., Pollmann, D., & Schack, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02280 · Cited by 41
“Fletcher and Hanton (2001) also proved that performers who reported greater usage of relaxation strategies, experienced lower levels of anxiety and interpreted symptoms as more beneficial to performance than their comparison groups.”
BackgroundThe Importance of Sleep for Athletic Performance
Marshall, G. J. G., & Turner, A. N. (2016) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000189 · Cited by 38
“The importance of managing this anxiety has been identified, with various protocols suggested to combat the effects that anxiety has on sleep quality, from goal setting and self-talk (10) to mental rehearsal and implementing visualization therapy techniques (25).”
BackgroundCorbally, L., Wilkinson, M., & Fothergill, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2019-0034 · Cited by 41
Debilitative interpretations of competitive anxiety: A qualitative examination of elite performers
Hanton, S., Wadey, R., & Connaughton, D. (2005) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390500238499 · Cited by 37
“For example, studies have examined competitive orientation (Jones & Swain, 1992 ), performance and performance variance (Jones, Swain, & Hardy, 1993 ; Swain & Jones, 1996 ), skill level (Jones, Hanton, & Swain, 1994 ; Jones & Swain, 1995 ), goal-attainment expectancy (Jones & Hanton, 1996 ), the antecedents of state a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA qualitative investigation of the temporal patterning of the precompetitive anxiety response
Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Young, S. G. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102320761804 · Cited by 36
“, in press) and the use of psychological skills (Fletcher and Hanton, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeón-Prados, J. A., Fuentes, I., & Calvo, A. L. (2011) · RICYDE Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.5232/ricyde2011.02301 · Cited by 32
Athletic performance and recovery–stress factors in cycling: An ever changing balance
Filho, E., di Fronso, S., Forzini, F., Murgia, M., Agostini, T., Bortoli, L., Robazza, C., & Bertollo, M. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1048746 · Cited by 31
Psychological Skills and “the Paras”: The Indirect Effects of Psychological Skills on Endurance
Arthur, R., Fitzwater, J., Roberts, R., Hardy, J., & Arthur, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2017.1306728 · Cited by 30
“…have reported correlations between scores from the TOPS/ TOPS-2 and levels of athletic performance (Hayslip et al., 2010), flow experience (Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001), anxiety responses (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001), and most recently military performance (Adler et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodThe relationship between self-talk and affective processes in sports: a scoping review
Fritsch, J., Feil, K., Jekauc, D., Latinjak, A. T., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2021.2021543 · Cited by 28
“The results showed athletes who used self-talk as a mental strategy more often tended to interpret somatic anxiety as more facilitative and had lower scores in cognitive and somatic anxiety (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Ryska, 1998).”
BackgroundEstrategias de afrontamiento y bienestar psicológico en jóvenes tenistas de competición
Carrasco, A. E. R., Campbell, R. Z., García-Más, A., Brustad, R. J., Quiroz, R. G., & López, A. L. (2010) · Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) · Cited by 28
Ansiedade e desempenho: um estudo com uma equipe infantil de voleibol feminino
Damasceno, M. L., Sonoo, C. N., Gomes, A. L., Ribas, S., & Limana, M. D. (2010) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.5016/1980-6574.2010v16n3p629 · Cited by 28
Advanced Psychological Strategies and Anxiety Responses in Sport
Hanton, S., Wadey, R., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2008) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.22.4.472 · Cited by 28
“…a series of tasks which focused on (a) their usual anxiety response one hour prior to competition (a time scale consistent with previous research; Fletcher & Hanton, 2001), (b) their use of these advanced psychological strategies (i.e., what, where and when), 476 Hanton, Wadey, and Mellalieu and…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPsychological skills assessment and referee rugby sevens performance
Nazarudin, M. N., Noordin, H., Suppiah, P. K., Abdullah, M. R., Fauzee, M. S. O., & Abdullah, N. M. (2014) · Jurnal Pemikir Pendidikan · doi:10.51200/jpp.v5i1.8213 · Cited by 27
“Findings also find coping skills, confidence, goal selection, set anxiety and mental imaging use is associated with better performance (Durand-Bush et al., 2001; Fletcher and Hanton, 2001; Gould et al., 1999; William and Krane, 2001; and Zaichowsky and Baltzell, 2001).”
BackgroundCharacteristics Affecting the Use of Imagery: A Youth Sports Academy Study
Parker, J. K., & Lovell, G. P. (2009) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.2202/1932-0191.1034 · Cited by 27
“Developing and acquiring psychological skills to enhance performance within sport contexts has been well documented (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001).”
BackgroundBehavioral intervention for stress management in sports.
Suinn, R. M. (2005) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.4.343 · Cited by 27
“Anxiety reduction has been the center of attention for nearly every possible type of sport, such as field hockey, gymnastics, sport parachuting, shooting, soccer; swimming, tennis, and volleyball (Fenz, 1988; Hanton, 2001; Holt & Hogg, 2002; Jiang, Zhu, & Liu, 1999; Kolt, Hume, Smith, & Williams, 2004; Lanning & Hisan…”
Relationship between mental skill and anxietyinterpretation in secondary school hockey athletes
Dominikus, F., Fauzee, M. S. O., Abdullah, M. C., Meesin, C., & Choosakul, C. (2009) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 24
EFFECTS OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL TRAINING PROGRAM ON ANXIETY LEVELS IN TOP KARATE ATHLETES
Vesković, A., Koropanovski, N., Dopsaj, M., & Jovanović, S. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-869220192505173969 · Cited by 23
Peng, F., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685649 · Cited by 22
The effect of mental skills training on competitive anxiety in schoolboy rugby players
Ong, N. C. H., & Griva, K. (2016) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2016.1153129 · Cited by 23
“Based on standards set by previous research (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Neil et al., 2006), a mean score of 3.75 was used to signify high usage for all subscales in the TOPS questionnaire.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLane, A. M., Terry, P. C., Devonport, T. J., Friesen, A. P., & Totterdell, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00470 · Cited by 21
“Further, frequent use of psychological skills (e.g., imagery, relaxation, self-talk) is associated with appraising anxiety as helpful for performance (Fletcher and Hanton, 2001), suggesting that those who actively engage in psychological skills training more effectively regulate emotional states.”
BackgroundFallby, J., Hassmén, P., Kenttä, G., & Durand‐Bush, N. (2006) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2006.9671788 · Cited by 22
“…regulation, and extensive use of imagery have been related to IJSEP-4-2.indb 111 112 better performance (Durand-Bush, Salmela, & Green-Demers, 2001; Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Gould, Eklund, & Jackson, 1993; Gould, Guinan, Greenleaf, Medbury, & Peterson, 1999; Williams & Krane, 2001; Zaichowsky &…”
Performance strategies of Greek track and field athletes:
Katsikas, C., Argeitaki, P., & Smirniotou, A. (2009) · biology of exercise · doi:10.4127/jbe.2009.0023 · Cited by 21
Comparison Relation between Mental Skills with Sport Anxiety in Sprint and Endurance Runners
Khodayari, B., Saiiari, A., & Dehghani, Y. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.445 · Cited by 21
Neil, R., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hanton, S. (2009) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/19398440902909058 · Cited by 18
“Email: rneil@uwic.ac.uk Ntoumanis and Jones 1998, Perry and Williams 1998, Fletcher and Hanton 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological Skills of Elite and Non-Elite Volleyball Players
Mohammadzadeh, H., & Sami, S. (2014) · Annals of Applied Sport Science · doi:10.18869/acadpub.aassjournal.2.1.31 · Cited by 17
“Fletcher and Hanton (2001) reported that application of relaxation techniques reduces anxiety, improves performance, and creates more self-confidence in athletes (8).”
BackgroundHagan, J. E., Pollmann, D., & Schack, T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181814 · Cited by 17
Alwan, M., Zakaria, A., Rahim, M. A., Hamid, N. A., & Fuad, M. (2013) · International Journal of Advanced Sport Sciences Research · Cited by 15
Brewer, B. W., Haznadar, A., Katz, D., Raalte, J. L. V., & Petitpas, A. J. (2019) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2018-0120 · Cited by 15
(Re)conceptualising competition stress in sport performers
Neil, R., Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2007) · Sport & Exercise Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpssepr.2007.3.2.23 · Cited by 15
Self-citationRelationship between happiness and different levels of physical activity
Mohammadi, E., Batvandi, Z., & Saberi, A. (2015) · Wielkopolska Digital Library · Cited by 13
Aufenanger, S. J. (2005) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 13
The Effectiveness of the Psychological Intervention in Amateur Male Marathon Runners
Jaenes, J. C., Wilczyńska, D. M., Alarcón, D., Gómez, R. P., Casado, A., & Trujillo, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.605130 · Cited by 11
Yol Analizi: Sporcu Kimliği Bağlamında Psikolojik Performans Stratejilerini Tahmin Etme
Yarayan, Y. E., Güngör, N. B., Çelik, O. B., & Gülşen, D. B. A. (2022) · Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38021/asbid.1164718 · Cited by 10
Kuan, G., & Kueh, Y. C. (2015) · Journal of Sports Research · doi:10.18488/journal.90/2015.2.4/90.4.122.130 · Cited by 10
“…competition and training on the athletes’ recovery-stress state, although there is a wealth of evidence of the effectiveness of using the psychological skills to enhance sporting performance leading to more faster and effective recovery after competition (Fletcher and Hanton, 2001; Kellmann, 2010).”
BackgroundPeran Pelatihan Mental Dalam Meningkatkan Kepercayaan Diri Atlet Renang Sekolah Ragunan
Juriana, J., & Tahki, K. (2017) · JOSSAE (Journal of Sport Science and Education) · doi:10.26740/jossae.v2n1.p9-14 · Cited by 9
The influence of game location and level of experience on psychological skill usage
Thelwell, R., Greenlees, I. A., & Weston, N. J. V. (2009) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2009.9671900 · Cited by 8
“Given that psychological skills are reported to influence behavioral states (e.g., Fletcher & Hanton, 2001), a fuller understanding of the chain of events within Carron and Courneya’s (1992) model (from game location factors, to psychological states, to behavioral states, to performance outcomes)…”
BackgroundMental Strategies Predict Performance and Satisfaction with Performance Among Soccer Players
Kruk, M., Blecharz, J., Boberska, M., Zarychta, K., & Łuszczyńska, A. (2017) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0149 · Cited by 7
“…et al., 2001; Weinberg and Williams, 2006; Weinberg and Gould, 2007), yet they are usually studied in a narrow way, focusing on the role of only four strategies, namely imagery, goal-setting, self-talk, and relaxation (Birrer and Morgan, 2010; Flecher and Hanton, 2001; Weinberg and Williams, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialŞekeroğlu, M. Ö. (2017) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v5i13.2901 · Cited by 7
Chapter 7 - Key Movements in Directional Research in Competitive Anxiety
Wagstaff, C. R. D., Neil, R., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hanton, S. (2012) · Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games · doi:10.4324/9780203852293_chapter_7 · Cited by 7
Self-citationEhrlenspiel, F., & Mesagno, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56802-6_12 · Cited by 6
An Examination of Sources and Multidimensionality of Self-Confidence in Collegiate Athletes
Machida, M. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 6
Khanjari, Y., Ameri, E. A., Garooei, R., Motashareei, E., & Hemayattalab, R. (2013) · Cited by 6
Serrano, J., Reis, R., Fonseca, T., Paulo, R. M., Honório, S., & Batista, M. (2019) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v36i36.67129 · Cited by 6
Woodcock, C., Duda, J. L., Cumming, J., Sharp, L.-A., & Holland, M. J. G. (2012) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.26.1.1 · Cited by 6
QEEG evaluation for anxiety level analysis in athletes
Tharawadeepimuk, K., & Wongsawat, Y. (2014) · Biomedical Engineering International Conference · doi:10.1109/bmeicon.2014.7017400 · Cited by 5
“Consequently, the experienced athletes can improve their performance and interpret pre-competitive anxiety as more facilitative to performance and increase self-confidence [7].”
BackgroundLi, L., Wang, J., Li, Q., & Fu, Q. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-01007-y · Cited by 5
“Previous research has shown that frequent use of psychological skills is associated with larger reductions in competitive anxiety, potentially through increased effort, motivation, self-efficacy, and improved regulation of anxiety responses [3, 115–118].”
The effects of different types of crowd noise on penalty taking performance in football
Oldfield, J., Oldfield, R., & Holmes, D. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2432996 · Cited by 4
“Relaxation techniques are effective in aiding athletes to respond effectively to stress experienced in competition (Fletcher & Hanton, 2001; Wadey & Hanton, 2008), and improve sports performance and self-confidence (Parnabas et al., 2014).”
Relationship between mental skills and anxiety interpretation in female volleyball players
Varzaneh, A. G., Saemi, E., Shafinia, P., Zarghami, M., & Ghamari, A. (2011) · Studies in physical Culture &Tourism · Cited by 4
Makker, G., & Pramanik, T. N. (2012) · Cited by 4
Is Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) a Precise Tool for Iranian Adult Athletes
Saadatifard, E., Keshtidar, M., & Khoshbakhti, J. (2014) · Cited by 4
Comparison of Psychological Readiness Factors among the Collegiate Armed Uniform
Kosni, N. A., Abdullah, M. R., Azman, S. N. W., Maliki, A. B. H. M., Musa, R., Adnan, A., Mat-Rasid, S. M., & Juahir, H. (2018) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i2/3859 · Cited by 4
“…was in higher mean in this study, the members of armed uniform package units need to know some relaxation techniques to release their anxiety such as control breathing, muscular relaxation and also mental relaxation to help them focus and relax before performance (Fletcher and Hanton, 2001).”
BackgroundEhrlenspiel, F., & Mesagno, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_12 · Cited by 7
Investigating the Use of Choking Intervention Strategies With Choking-Susceptible Athletes
Mesagno, C. (2006) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 4
Günay, M., Güçlü, M., & YAZICI, A. (2021) · The Journal of Eurasia Sport Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.53431/jessm.987630 · Cited by 3
“Recent research in psychological sub-disciplines has also focused on emotional control which has been associated with specific skills, such as imagery, self-talk, and goal setting (Fletcher and Hanton, 2001; Thelwell and Greenlees, 2003).”
BackgroundRamos, F. A. A. (2006) · Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) · Cited by 3
Hegazy, K. (2012) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 3
Ghazali, N. M., Jaafar, W. M. W., Fauzan, N., Anuar, A., & Edris, A. (2018) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5055445 · Cited by 2
SPORTS ANXIETY OF ATHLETES AND THEIR COPING SKILLS
Broa, D. I. G., & Abellanosa, G. G. (2023) · European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science · doi:10.46827/ejpe.v9i4.4722 · Cited by 2
Intervenções cognitivo-comportamentais para depressão na adolescência: uma revisão sistemática
Roza, S. A., & Roza, T. H. (2024) · Psicologia Argumento · doi:10.7213/psicolargum.42.116.ao13 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Cardiff Metropolitan University (GB)
- ORCID
- Fletcher, David
- Venue
- Psychology of Sport and Exercise
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 89-101
- ISSN
- 1469-0292 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086032592
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.lboro.ac.uk
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychology of sport and exercise (publishedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Keywords
- competitive anxiety, psychological skills, state anxiety, self-confidence, relaxation techniques, self-talk, mental imagery, competitive swimmers, non-elite athletes, facilitative anxiety, somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety
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