Basic Psychological Skills Usage and Competitive Anxiety Responses: Perceived Underlying Mechanisms
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between basic psychological skills usage (i.e., goal-setting, imagery, self-talk, and relaxation) and the intensity and directional dimensions of competitive anxiety. Semistructured interviews were used on a sample of 15 elite athletes (M age = 24.3 years, SD = 4.2) from a variety of team and individual sports. Findings revealed that the participants maintained the intensity of their anxiety response prior to competition and could deploy goal-setting, imagery, or self-talk to enable facilitative interpretations of anxiety-related symptoms to performance. Higher levels of self-confidence and an optimistic outlook toward forthcoming competition were also expressed. The underlying mechanisms perceived to be responsible for these effects included effort and motivation, attentional focus, and perceived control over the anxiety response.
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Frequent use of psychological skills is associated with larger reductions in competitive anxiety, potentially through increased effort, motivation, self-efficacy, and improved regulation of anxiety responses.
“Previous research has shown that frequent use of psychological skills is associated with larger reductions in competitive anxiety, potentially through increased effort, motivation, self-efficacy, and improved regulation of anxiety responses [3, 115–118].”
From The Effect of Different Psychological Interventions on Athletes' Competitive Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Wadey, R., & Hanton, S.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff Metropolitan University (GB)
- ORCID
- Wadey, Ross
- Venue
- Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 363-373
- ISSN
- 0034-5377 (ISSN-L)
- 0270-1367
- 2168-3824
- OpenAlex
- W2085704352
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cardiff Metropolitan Research Repository (Cardiff Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- competitive anxiety, goal setting, mental imagery, self-talk, relaxation, elite athletes, anxiety levels, self-confidence, attentional focus, perceived control, pre-competition anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adult, Anxiety, Competitive Behavior, Goals, Humans, Imagination, Relaxation, Sports, Self Efficacy, Young Adult
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