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Interventions to increase antiretroviral adherence in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of evaluation studies
Open accessAbstract
The success of potent antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection is primarily determined by adherence. We systematically review the evidence of effectiveness of interventions to increase adherence to antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. We identified 27 relevant reports from 26 studies of behavioural, cognitive, biological, structural, and combination interventions done between 2003 and 2010. Despite study diversity and limitations, evidence suggests that treatment supporters, directly observed therapy, mobile-phone text messages, diary cards, and food rations can effectively increase adherence in sub-Saharan Africa. However, some interventions are unlikely to have large or lasting effects, and others are effective only in specific settings. These findings emphasise the need for more research, particularly for randomised controlled trials, to examine the effect of context and specific features of intervention content on effectiveness. Future work should assess intervention targeting and selection of interventions based on behavioural theories relevant to sub-Saharan Africa.
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“A systematic search for mHealth reviews in seven databases found several mHealth reviews that included aspects of monitoring such as adherence studies,17 behaviour change18 and attendance reminders.19 20”
From mHealth text and voice communication for monitoring people with chronic diseases in low-resource settings: a realist review (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“and messages had more impact when they were linked with patient–health worker interaction.17 27 49 51–53”
From mHealth text and voice communication for monitoring people with chronic diseases in low-resource settings: a realist review (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“For example, weekly reminders worked better than daily reminders”
From mHealth text and voice communication for monitoring people with chronic diseases in low-resource settings: a realist review (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Reviews have found variation in effect depending on how mechanisms were operationalised.”
From mHealth text and voice communication for monitoring people with chronic diseases in low-resource settings: a realist review (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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BackgroundFinitsis, D. J., Pellowski, J. A., & Johnson, B. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088166 · Cited by 355
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“Many of our findings related to ART initiation, adherence, and retention for HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women are similar to those reported for people living with HIV (PLHIV) more broadly, including enablers such as social support [64,65] and barriers such as fear of disclosure and stigma, lack of knowledge…”
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BackgroundAdejumo, O., Malee, K., Ryscavage, P., Hunter, S. J., & Taiwo, B. (2015) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.18.1.20049 · Cited by 259
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BackgroundYoung, S. L., Wheeler, A. C., McCoy, S. I., & Weiser, S. D. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0547-4 · Cited by 263
“For example, food supplementation programs in Zambia and Haiti demonstrated that food assistance improves a range of clinical outcomes, including adherence to ART [94–97].”
BackgroundQuasi-experimental study designs series—paper 4: uses and value
Bärnighausen, T., Tugwell, P., Røttingen, J., Shemilt, I., Rockers, P. C., Geldsetzer, P., Lavis, J. N., Grimshaw, J., Daniels, K., Brown, A. N., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.03.012 · Cited by 243
“RCTs in health research commonly assess causal intervention effects over a time horizon of only a few years For instance, the vast majority of the more than 100 RCTs that have tested interventions to enhance adherence to HIV anti-retroviral treatment ran for five years or less and focused on clinical proxy indicators…”
BackgroundSelf-citationInterventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy
Chaiyachati, K. H., Ogbuoji, O., Price, M., Suthar, A. B., Negussie, E. K., & Bärnighausen, T. (2014) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000252 · Cited by 235
Self-citationAnstey Watkins, J. O. T., Goudge, J., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., & Griffiths, F. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.011 · Cited by 196
“Lines of evidence of the effectiveness of mHealth solutions in LMICs have been inconsistent in systematic reviews (Bärnighausen et al., 2011; Bloomfield et al., 2014; Catalani et al., 2013; Cole-Lewis and Kershaw, 2010; Fjeldsoe et al., 2009; Free et al., 2013; Krishna et al., 2009; Mbuagbaw et al., 2015; Velthoven et…”
BackgroundLanham, H. J., Leykum, L. K., Taylor, B. S., McCannon, C. J., Lindberg, C. C., & Lester, R. T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.040 · Cited by 223
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Does Food Insecurity Undermine Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy? A Systematic Review
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“Food rations and livelihood support may be combined with other support services shown to improve adherence, such as treatment supporters, directly observed therapy, mobilephone text messages, and diary cards [70], and such comprehensive treatment-support programs have been shown to increase ART adherence and retention…”
BackgroundPatient-reported barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral adherence in sub-Saharan Africa
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“observational and more randomised control trials (RCT) are required [184].”
BackgroundHow Point-of-Care Testing Could Drive Innovation in Global Health
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Franke, M. F., Kaigamba, F., Socci, A. R., Hakizamungu, M., Patel, A., Bagiruwigize, E., Niyigena, P., Walker, K. D. C., Epino, H. M., Binagwaho, A., et al. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis1193 · Cited by 154
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Self-citationHIV treatment cascade in migrants and mobile populations
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“[74] This study reviews 26 studies of ART adherence– enhancing interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, including mobile phone text messages for ART adherence Mobile phone text messages significantly improved ART adherence in two large, well conducted controlled trials”
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“[13] T.”
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A Side Door Into Care Cascade for HIV-Infected Patients?
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Adherence to HIV postexposure prophylaxis
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“Although further studies are needed to evaluate adherence support interventions specifically for PEP, promising interventions may be found in the HIV treatment adherence literature, including treatment supporters, mobile phone messaging, and the use of fixed-dose combinations [19,20].”
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“Patients’ ability to freely talk about missed doses or their problems with their healthcare provider is important for improving treatment outcomes and adherence which are essential for the full treatment benefits for both HIV and TB to be realized [52,53].”
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Combination Prevention: New Hope for Stopping the Epidemic
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“In studies designed to enhance adherence to ART, for example, the impact of behavioral interventions has often be very contextual or transient [160].”
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“The ten percent increase in participants with viral suppression falls at the lower-middle range of outcome effects for adherence interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa [40].”
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“Similar to previous studies, the adherence estimates varied greatly with the 3 and 30-day aggregate questions generating the lowest estimates of missed ART [42] and corresponding poorly with virologic failure.”
The future of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence: reducing barriers and increasing opportunities
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“The success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV infection is primarily determined by adherence (Bärnighausen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBor, J. H., Fox, M. P., Rosen, S. B., Venkataramani, A. S., Tanser, F. C., Pillay, D., & Bärnighausen, T. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002463 · Cited by 72
Self-citationChiang, N. Y. Z., Guo, M., Amico, K. R., Atkins, L., & Lester, R. T. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9187 · Cited by 72
“Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV combats chronic infection through viral suppression, optimizes an individual’s immune recovery, mitigates drug resistance, and reduces odds of viral transmission [2-4].”
Audi, C., Jahanpour, O. F., Antelman, G., Guay, L. A., Rutaihwa, M., van de Ven, R., Woelk, G. B., & Baird, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12323-1 · Cited by 70
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Krumme, A. A., Kaigamba, F., Binagwaho, A., Murray, M. B., Rich, M., & Franke, M. F. (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204494 · Cited by 69
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“PLHIV empowerment could have significant implications for health equity and was not previously evaluated by quantitative adherence reviews [2,10,11], although other reviews noted the potential for empowerment as a result of interventions [13,61,62].”
ResultBanas, K., Lyimo, R. A., Hospers, H. J., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., & de Bruin, M. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1283037 · Cited by 63
“A recent systematic review (Bärnighausen et al., 2011) identified 26 adherenceenhancing interventions in SSA evaluated between 2003 and 2010.”
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“Individual or household food aid is among the evidencebased strategies to improve adherence [9, 10].”
BackgroundManasa, J., Lessells, R. J., Skingsley, A., Naidu, K., Newell, M., McGrath, N. M., de Oliveira, T., & the Southern African Treatment and Resistance Network (SATuRN) (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072152 · Cited by 60
“There are also few adherence interventions of proven efficacy and so health care workers can find it difficult not only to identify but also to address adherence problems [56].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHIV Treatment as Prevention: Issues in Economic Evaluation
Bärnighausen, T., Salomon, J. A., & Sangrujee, N. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001263 · Cited by 59
“, community-based treatment supporters or mobile-phone short messages to ensure good ART retention and adherence [19].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSafren, S. A., Biello, K. B., Smeaton, L. M., Mimiaga, M. J., Walawander, A., Lama, J. R., Rana, A., Nyirenda, M., Kayoyo, V., Samaneka, W. P., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104178 · Cited by 53
Tucker, J. D., Tso, L. S., Hall, B. J., Ma, Q., Beanland, R. L., Best, J., Li, H., Lackey, M. J., Marley, G., Rich, Z. C., et al. (2017) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.036 · Cited by 53
“This local social context is not captured in quantitative reviews of HIV interventions (Govindasamy et al., 2012; Govindasamy et al., 2014; Barnighausen et al., 2011; Mills et al., 2006; Ortego et al., 2011; Okeke et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPugh, L., Roberts, J. S., Viswasam, N., Hahn, E., Ryan, S., Turpin, G., Lyons, C. E., Baral, S., & Hansoti, B. (2022) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.08.012 · Cited by 52
Prevalence and Predictors of Immunological Failure among HIV Patients on HAART in Southern Ethiopia
Yirdaw, K. D., & Hattingh, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125826 · Cited by 52
Sustaining the future of HIV counselling to reach 90‐90‐90: a regional country analysis
Bemelmans, M., Baert, S., Negussie, E. K., Bygrave, H., Biot, M., Jamet, C., Ellman, T., Banda, A., van den Akker, T., & Ford, N. P. (2016) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.19.1.20751 · Cited by 52
Masquillier, C., Wouters, E., Mortelmans, D., van Wyk, B. E., Hausler, H., & Damme, W. V. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151379 · Cited by 50
Prospects for HIV control in South Africa: a model-based analysis
Johnson, L. F., Chiu, C., Myer, L., Davies, M., Dorrington, R., Bekker, L., Boulle, A., & Meyer‐Rath, G. (2016) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v9.30314 · Cited by 50
Wubshet, M., Berhane, Y., Worku, A., Kebede, Y., & Diro, E. (2012) · ISRN AIDS · doi:10.5402/2012/721720 · Cited by 49
“As a result, much attention has focused on patient day-to-day adherence to antiretroviral medications [10].”
BackgroundBere, T. C., Nyamayaro, P. C., Magidson, J. F., Chibanda, D., Chingono, A., Munjoma, R., Macpherson, K., Ndhlovu, C. E., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Kidia, K. K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315626783 · Cited by 49
“In this phase, we reviewed systematic reviews of evidence-based interventions for adherence (Barnighausen et al., 2011; CDC, 2015; Rueda et al., 2006; Thompson et al., 2012).”
MethodRawat, R., McCoy, S. I., & Kadiyala, S. (2012) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3182797363 · Cited by 48
Gesesew, H. A., Ward, P., Hajito, K. W., Feyissa, G. T., Mohammadi, L., & Mwanri, L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169651 · Cited by 48
Simplifying switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy in sub Saharan Africa
Shroufi, A., Cutsem, G. V., Cambiano, V., Bansi‐Matharu, L., Duncan, K., Murphy, R. A., Maman, D., & Phillips, A. N. (2019) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002234 · Cited by 47
“In terms of achieving sufficient adherence, while there is evidence to support counselling for adherence at the time of ART initiation [67], by the time a person previously suppressed on ART presents with a high viral load it is much less certain whether the intervention will be useful and whether any resuppression ac…”
BackgroundDamulak, P. P., Ismail, S., Manaf, R. A., Said, S. M., & Agbaji, O. O. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052477 · Cited by 50
“Interventions that are capital or resource-intensive may unlikely be conducted in SSA due to limited resources [18].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLuebbert, J., Tweya, H. M., Phiri, S., Chaweza, T., Mwafilaso, J., Hosseinipour, M. C., Ramroth, H., Schnitzler, P., & Neuhann, F. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis438 · Cited by 46
“Effective ART for patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is primarily determined by drug adherence [3].”
BackgroundAnstey Watkins, J., Goudge, J., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Huxley, C., Dodd, K., & Griffiths, F. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000543 · Cited by 45
Kim, J., Zhang, W. W., Nyonyitono, M., Lourenço, L., Nanfuka, M., Okoboi, S., Birungi, J., Lester, R., Kaleebu, P., Munderi, P., et al. (2015) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.18.1.20311 · Cited by 22
“Several methods have been proposed and implemented to support ART adherence in resource-limited settings by healthcare providers, including directly observed therapy, treatment supporters (providing different forms of support such as psychosocial support or HIV/ARTeducation), and availability of education and counsell…”
MethodPeltzer, K., Ramlagan, S., Jones, D. L., Weiss, S. M., Fomundam, H., & Chanetsa, L. (2012) · SAHARA-J Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS · doi:10.1080/17290376.2012.745640 · Cited by 45
“Improved adherence might not persist over time, as found in some trials in Africa where a significant intervention effect in the first 6 months of the trial was not sustained in later phases (Bärnighausen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPlazy, M., Orne‐Gliemann, J., Dabis, F., & Dray‐Spira, R. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006927 · Cited by 45
“To date, several interventions have targeted the improvement of ART adherence, for example, reminder services (such as mobile phones, text messaging and diary cards)(29) 30 and treatment supporters.(30) These interventions should now be adapted for improving retention in pre-ART care, and especially before ART eligibi…”
BackgroundWouters, E., Masquillier, C., Ponnet, K. S., & Booysen, F. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.020 · Cited by 45
“Despite a general positive trend, reviews of the growing number of impact evaluations of community-based peer adherence support programmes highlight the considerable variability in the effectiveness of such support in improving ART outcomes, ranging from non-significant effects to improvements of 20% and more (Bärnigh…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMasquillier, C., Wouters, E., Mortelmans, D., & Booysen, F. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0865-1 · Cited by 41
“[31] and by Wouters et al.”
Phillips, T. K., Brittain, K., Mellins, C. A., Zerbe, A., Remien, R. H., Abrams, E. J., Myer, L., & Wilson, I. B. (2016) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1448-0 · Cited by 42
Bucciardini, R., Fragola, V., Abegaz, T., Lucattini, S., Halifom, A., Tadesse, E., Berhe, M., Pugliese, K., Binelli, A., Castro, P. D., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136117 · Cited by 41
Adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines 2014
Meintjes, G. (2014) · Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine · doi:10.4102/sajhivmed.v15i4.330 · Cited by 41
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“In regard to communication with health professionals, other studies have also found the quality of communication with health staff to affect patient satisfaction [18] and adherence to treatment [38, 39].”
BackgroundA Role for Health Communication in the Continuum of HIV Care, Treatment, and Prevention
Tomori, C., Risher, K., Limaye, R. J., Lith, L. M. V., Gibbs, S., Smelyanskaya, M., & Celentano, D. D. (2014) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000239 · Cited by 40
“After an individual has initiated therapy, other formidable barriers arise, as many struggle with taking prescribed medications and must overcome the challenges of taking medications with potentially serious side effects each day for the rest of their lives, in the face of substantial barriers of supply disruptions, o…”
BackgroundPefura-Yone, E. W., Soh, E., Kengne, A. P., Balkissou, A. D., & Kuaban, C. (2013) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2013.02.003 · Cited by 40
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“As countries implement ART scale-up programmes, there is also a need for policies and interventions to sustain long-term retention and viral suppression rates, such as increased access to viral monitoring for all participants, mobile phone text messages for appointment reminders and VL result delivery, and others [32-…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGrangeiro, A., Ferraz, D., Calazans, G. J., Zucchi, E. M., & Bermúdez, X. P. D. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1809-4503201500050005 · Cited by 66
Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Hajizadeh, A., Wang, A. R., Mertz, D., Lawson, D. O., Smieja, M., Benoit, A. C., Álvarez, E., Ritchie, L. M. P., Rachlis, B., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034793 · Cited by 40
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“[2] showed that potential interventions on ART adherence in sub-Saharan Africa include treatment supporters, directly observed therapy, diary cards, food rations, and mobile phone text messages.”
BackgroundYeji, F., Klipstein‐Grobusch, K., Newell, M., Hirschhorn, L. R., Hosegood, V., & Bärnighausen, T. (2014) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.931561 · Cited by 37
“Further research needs to establish whether social support and particular coping strategies do indeed decrease depression, e.g., in intervention studies enhancing behaviours that promote social support and effective coping (Bärnighausen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGupta, N., & Bukhman, G. (2015) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2015.09.006 · Cited by 37
“Strategies to maximize adherence to ART have been diverse, and outcomes have been mixed, with the use of treatment supporters, directly observed therapy, mobile phone text messages, diary cards, and food rations having demonstrated significant positive effect on treatment adherence in particular settings.(30) The use…”
Gill, M. M., Umutoni, A., Hoffman, H. J., Ndatimana, D., Ndayisaba, G., Kibitenga, S., Mugwaneza, P., Asiimwe, A., & Bobrow, E. (2017) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2016.0234 · Cited by 37
“In a systematic review, treatment supporters (as friends, family, community health workers, or PLHIV) were found to significantly improve adherence in intervention versus comparison groups.(18) Another study from Rwanda found that being part of a support group for PLHIV led to increased HIV-free survival of their chil…”
Drain, P. K., Kubiak, R. W., Siriprakaisil, O., Klinbuayaem, V., Quame‐Amaglo, J., Sukrakanchana, P.-O., Tanasri, S., Punyati, P., Sirirungsi, W., Cressey, R., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz645 · Cited by 36
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“Systematic reviews of all interventions that target ART nonadherence suggested that SMS interventions have one of the strongest levels of supportive evidence.([6,8]) Independently conducted systematic reviews of RCTs on SMS-based adherence interventions concluded that weekly delivered reminders and SMS-based interacti…”
BackgroundCôté, J., Godin, G., Ramirez-Garcìa, P., Rouleau, G., Bourbonnais, A., Guéhéneuc, Y., Tremblay, C. L., & Otis, J. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3264 · Cited by 35
“Moreover, recent reviews [7,8] have suggested that ICT-assisted interventions, such as sending text messages via mobile phone, had the potential to increase treatment adherence in sub-Saharan Africa.”
Baärnighausen, T., Tanser, F., Dabis, F., & Newell, M. (2012) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0b013e32834fc1df · Cited by 39
Self-citationAntiretroviral Therapy Adherence Support
Amico, K. R., & Orrell, C. (2013) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/1545109712459041 · Cited by 34
Telephone delivered interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV infection
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bärnighausen, T., Chaiyachati, K., Chimbindi, N., Peoples, A., Haberer, J., & Newell, M.-L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bärnighausen, Till
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 942-951
- ISSN
- 1473-3099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4250825
- OpenAlex
- W2098160568
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- U.S. Public Health Service (K-23 087228, 1R01MG083539-01)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD058482, 1R01-HD058482- 01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- antiretroviral therapy adherence, HIV, adherence interventions, treatment supporters, directly observed therapy, text messaging, rations, sub-Saharan Africa, behavioral interventions, intervention effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Assessment of Medication Adherence, Humans, HIV Infections, Drug Monitoring, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Africa South of the Sahara, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Medication Adherence
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