The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 125 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 19 of the 116 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration
Open accessAbstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a common accompaniment of ageing. Features seen on neuroimaging include recent small subcortical infarcts, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, perivascular spaces, microbleeds, and brain atrophy. SVD can present as a stroke or cognitive decline, or can have few or no symptoms. SVD frequently coexists with neurodegenerative disease, and can exacerbate cognitive deficits, physical disabilities, and other symptoms of neurodegeneration. Terminology and definitions for imaging the features of SVD vary widely, which is also true for protocols for image acquisition and image analysis. This lack of consistency hampers progress in identifying the contribution of SVD to the pathophysiology and clinical features of common neurodegenerative diseases. We are an international working group from the Centres of Excellence in Neurodegeneration. We completed a structured process to develop definitions and imaging standards for markers and consequences of SVD. We aimed to achieve the following: first, to provide a common advisory about terms and definitions for features visible on MRI; second, to suggest minimum standards for image acquisition and analysis; third, to agree on standards for scientific reporting of changes related to SVD on neuroimaging; and fourth, to review emerging imaging methods for detection and quantification of preclinical manifestations of SVD. Our findings and recommendations apply to research studies, and can be used in the clinical setting to standardise image interpretation, acquisition, and reporting. This Position Paper summarises the main outcomes of this international effort to provide the STandards for ReportIng Vascular changes on nEuroimaging (STRIVE).
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Claims the paper makes
46 No full text of the sources · 12 Own result · 10 No basis given · 8 Own method · 7 Partly supported · 7 Own interpretation · 6 Supported · 3 Supported so far · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“neither include advances in understanding the pathophysiology and measurement of SVD”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Hachinski, 2006, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards, Stroke source
- Disputedcites [12] Gorelick, 2011, Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited statement discusses small-vessel disease pathophysiology in §6.3, including vascular risk factors and proposed mechanisms. It also describes methods for measuring small-artery remodeling there and the capabilities and limits of neuroimaging in §3.6. That is contrary to the claim that it does not include these topics. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“neither of these guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for the many forms of SVD seen on neuroimaging”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Hachinski, 2006, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards, Stroke source
- Supportedcites [12] Gorelick, 2011, Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke source
The cited paper is a guideline on vascular contributions to cognitive impairment, not a comprehensive guide to neuroimaging findings across all forms of small vessel disease. Its recommendations in §§5.4 and 7.7 address selected conditions, including CAA and CADASIL, and the use of imaging to diagnose vascular cognitive impairment. This supports the claim as it applies to this guideline; the other guideline is outside the scope of this citation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although strongly associated with cerebrovascular disease and vascular risk factors,29”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] Debette, 2010, The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ source
The Introduction states that white matter hyperintensities are more common and extensive in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. The Discussion (Incident stroke) also identifies hypertension and other vascular risk factors as associated with these lesions. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“White matter hyperintensities are associated with covert neurological and cognitive symptoms and physical difficulties such as gait disturbance.31–35”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] de Laat, 2011, Loss of white matter integrity is associated with gait disorders in cerebral small vessel disease, Brain sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that white matter lesions were associated with poorer gait measures in people with cerebral small vessel disease (p. 2). The Study population section (pp. 3–4) describes cognitive and motor disturbances as symptoms of small vessel disease, but does not establish an association between white matter hyperintensities specifically and covert neurological or cognitive symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Windham, 2012, Covert neurological symptoms associated with silent infarcts from midlife to older age: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Saini, 2012, Silent stroke: not listened to rather than silent, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Haley, 2009, Subjective cognitive complaints relate to white matter hyperintensities and future cognitive decline in patients with cardiovascular disease, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Supportedcites [35] Inzitari, 2009, Changes in white matter as determinant of global functional decline in older independent outpatients: three year follow-up of LADIS (leukoaraiosis and disability) study cohort, BMJ source
The Introduction (page not available) says age-related white matter changes are associated with cognitive impairment and difficulties in walking. The Discussion’s ‘What is already known’ section (page not available) likewise lists cognitive deficits and motor abnormalities, supporting the claim’s neurological, cognitive, and gait components. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A consensus group from the US Alzheimer's Association has published standards for assessing microbleeds in this specific clinical context,61”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] Sperling, 2011, Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in amyloid-modifying therapeutic trials: recommendations from the Alzheimer's Association Research Roundtable Workgroup, Alzheimers Dement source
In “Monitoring for ARIA in clinical trials > Recommendations” (page unavailable), the Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup provides MRI standards for detecting ARIA-H, which includes microhemorrhages, in amyloid-therapy trials. It also recommends a reporting form that records their presence or absence. This supports the cited statement about standards for assessing microbleeds in this clinical context. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Several lesions or structures can mimic cerebral microbleeds, such as calcification, normal vessels seen in cross-section, iron deposits from other causes, haemorrhagic metastases (eg, melanoma), and diffuse axonal injury (eg, after head trauma).60”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [60] Greenberg, 2009, Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation, Lancet Neurol source
The “Lesion Parameters, Mimics, and Detection Criteria” section identifies calcium and iron deposits and vessels seen in cross-section as potential mimics. It also describes metastatic melanoma and traumatic diffuse axonal injury as lesions that can be mistaken for primary cerebral microbleeds. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“lobar intracerebral haemorrhages, which might be caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Qureshi, 2001, Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med source
- Supportedcites [65] Jackson, 2006, Is hypertension a more frequent risk factor for deep than for lobar supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage?, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The supplied passage labeled Abstract > Conclusions states that cerebral amyloid angiopathy is thought to cause mainly lobar haemorrhages. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified wording, “might be caused.” No page number is supplied. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in some cases, two different terms were used in the same paper”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Terminology and definitions for imaging the features of SVD vary widely”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“the terms for and definitions of these lesions have varied substantially between studies.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our systematic review identified 1144 instances of 50 different terms used to describe white matter hyperintensities in 940 papers”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We sampled 641 abstracts and one previous systematic review9 and identified 159 different terms for recent small subcortical infarcts”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our systematic review of 940 abstracts identified 50 different terms for white matter hyperintensity.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our systematic review identified more than 100 terms that have been used to describe lacunes of presumed vascular origin”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our systematic review revealed 387 instances of 20 different terms for microbleeds in 370 abstracts”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Signs of SVD on conventional MRI include recent small subcortical infarcts, white matter magnetic resonance (MR) hyperintensities, lacunes, prominent perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds, and atrophy.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Pantoni, 2010, Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges, Lancet Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Alzheimer's disease and SVD share risk factors”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Kivipelto, 2001, Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study, BMJ source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Dichgans, 2012, Prevention of vascular cognitive impairment, Stroke source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the clinical differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from vascular cognitive impairment or vascular dementia is increasingly recognised to be blurred.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Schneider, 2007, Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons, Neurology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the same lesions are classified differently across studies”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Potter, 2010, Wide variation in definition, detection, and description of lacunar lesions on imaging, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Use of more standard terminology, definitions, and methods for image acquisition and analysis across research centres would remove a major barrier to progress.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This lack of consistency hampers progress in identifying the contribution of SVD to the pathophysiology and clinical features of common neurodegenerative diseases.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging consensus standards for classification of SVD were first proposed by the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Canadian Stroke Network”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Hachinski, 2006, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“a major contributor to mixed dementia”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Norrving, 2008, Lacunar infarcts: no black holes in the brain are benign, Pract Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Pantoni, 2010, Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges, Lancet Neurol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is the most common vascular cause of dementia”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Norrving, 2008, Lacunar infarcts: no black holes in the brain are benign, Pract Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Pantoni, 2010, Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges, Lancet Neurol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“different definitions have resulted in small cavities being classified as perivascular spaces or lacunes.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Potter, 2010, Wide variation in definition, detection, and description of lacunar lesions on imaging, Stroke source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in up to 30% of patients, symptomatic lacunar stroke syndromes seem not to be accompanied by visible small subcortical infarcts”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Doubal, 2011, Characteristics of patients with minor ischaemic strokes and negative MRI: a cross sectional study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“larger spaces become increasingly apparent with increasing patient age, especially when located at the base of the brain.38”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Groeschel, 2006, Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance images: normative data, their dilatation, and a review of the literature, Neuroradiology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but not atrophy.41”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Zhu, 2010, Severity of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces is associated with age, blood pressure, and MRI markers of small vessel disease: a population-based study, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although pathological studies have not shown an absolute cutoff size”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the visibility of the spaces depends on MRI sequence characteristics, which vary across studies.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that MRI is not fully sensitive in the detection of such infarcts.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Lacunes are frequently seen on imaging in elderly patients with no symptoms”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Vermeer, 2007, Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review, Lancet Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Santos, 2009, Differential impact of lacunes and microvascular lesions on poststroke depression, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Choi, 2012, Silent infarcts and cerebral microbleeds modify the associations of white matter lesions with gait and postural stability: population-based study, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Snowdon, 1997, Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however, some might result from small deep haemorrhages”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Franke, 1991, Residual lesions on computed tomography after intracerebral hemorrhage, Stroke source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“lesions that are less than 3 mm in diameter are more likely to be perivascular spaces than to be lacunes”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Vermeer, 2003, Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Longstreth, 1998, Lacunar infarcts defined by magnetic resonance imaging of 3660 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study, Arch Neurol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“removing the word lacunar because of evidence that not all small subcortical infarcts become lacunes (ie, cavities).”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Potter, 2010, Counting cavitating lacunes underestimates the burden of lacunar infarction, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Moreau, 2012, Cavitation after acute symptomatic lacunar stroke depends on time, location, and MRI sequence, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“General enlargement of perivascular spaces is associated with other morphological features of SVD such as white matter hyperintensities39 and lacunes,40”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For some of the lesions, qualitative and quantitative approaches are closely related,82,83 and both have advantages and disadvantages that should be considered in the design of any study of SVD (appendix).”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Valdes Hernandez, 2012, Close correlation between quantitative and qualitative assessments of white matter lesions, Neuroepidemiology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Gao, 2011, Complexity of MRI white matter hyperintensity assessments in relation to cognition in aging and dementia from the Sunnybrook Dementia Study, J Alzheimers Dis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“spaces do not have a T2-hyperintense rim around the fluid-filled space on T2-weighted or FLAIR imaging, unless they traverse an area of white matter hyperintensity.51”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Awad, 1986, Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. II Postmortem pathological correlations, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This validation step is crucial for studies of SVD because automated methods have not been developed for the disorder, and there is a high risk of misclassification of lesions, especially when unfamiliar pulse sequences are used or scanners are upgraded.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image analysis
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many imaging studies report an association between the presence and severity of SVD and brain atrophy, including global atrophy, corpus callosum atrophy, central atrophy (increased ventricular size and atrophy of the basal ganglia), mesencephalic atrophy, and hippocampal atrophy, and focal cortical thinning in brain regions connected to subcortical infarcts”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Brain atrophy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Appelman, 2009, White matter lesions and brain atrophy: more than shared risk factors? A systematic review, Cerebrovasc Dis source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Aribisala, 2013, Brain atrophy associations with white matter lesions in the ageing brain: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, Eur Radiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“atrophy is thought to mediate, at least partially, the effects of vascular lesions on cognition.77–79”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Brain atrophy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Mungas, 2001, MRI predictors of cognition in subcortical ischemic vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease, Neurology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Levy-Cooperman, 2008, Misclassified tissue volumes in Alzheimer disease patients with white matter hyperintensities: importance of lesion segmentation procedures for volumetric analysis, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Carmichael, 2010, Longitudinal changes in white matter disease and cognition in the first year of the Alzheimer disease neuroimaging initiative, Arch Neurol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MRI, rather than CT, is preferred for research and routine clinical use because it has higher sensitivity and specificity for detecting most manifestations of SVD”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image acquisition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the diameter of perivascular spaces is not usually more than 3 mm as confirmed pathologically,49,50”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Braffman, 1988, Brain MR: pathologic correlation with gross and histopathology. 2. Hyperintense white-matter foci in the elderly, AJR Am J Roentgenol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Bokura, 1998, Distinguishing silent lacunar infarction from enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces: a magnetic resonance imaging and pathological study, J Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging should be considered the reference standard for recent small subcortical infarcts, although results might be falsely negative in some cases.16”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image acquisition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Doubal, 2011, Characteristics of patients with minor ischaemic strokes and negative MRI: a cross sectional study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For several of these misclassifications, manual correction will be needed.78,85”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Levy-Cooperman, 2008, Misclassified tissue volumes in Alzheimer disease patients with white matter hyperintensities: importance of lesion segmentation procedures for volumetric analysis, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Wong, 2002, Mechanisms of acute cerebral infarctions in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis: a diffusion-weighted imaging and microemboli monitoring study, Ann Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we acknowledge that in some parts of this rapidly evolving specialty, our recommendations are based on small studies, unvalidated findings, or expert opinion without a strong body of supporting evidence.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 43
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“included a class 2 recommendation for neuroimaging as part of the clinical investigation of vascular cognitive impairment.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Gorelick, 2011, Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke source
Section 7.7, “Recommendation,” says brain imaging with CT or MRI may be reasonable in diagnosing vascular cognitive impairment and assigns it Class IIb. This supports the citing sentence’s description of a class II recommendation for neuroimaging as part of the clinical investigation, though the precise classification is IIb. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a scientific statement from the American Heart Association incorporated neuroimaging evidence for SVD or stroke as part of the criteria for probable vascular mild cognitive impairment and dementia”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Gorelick, 2011, Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke source
Section 2.2 states that the proposed classification of vascular mild cognitive impairment and dementia uses evidence of vascular disease from neuroimaging or a history of clinical stroke, alongside evidence of cognitive impairment. Section 2.3 explains that the statement uses “probable” for the most clearly vascular forms of dementia. The source therefore supports neuroimaging as part of the criteria, though it does not make imaging mandatory when clinical stroke evidence is available. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“both lead to cognitive decline and dementia”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Brayne, 2009, Neuropathological correlates of dementia in over-80-year-old brain donors from the population-based Cambridge City over-75s cohort (CC75C) study, J Alzheimers Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [6] Matthews, 2009, Epidemiological pathology of dementia: attributable-risks at death in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study, PLoS Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links Alzheimer pathology and small vessel disease to dementia and describes small vessel disease as a contributor to vascular cognitive impairment. But the study assesses pathology in relation to dementia at death, not cognitive decline over time; its Limitations section explicitly says the analysis cannot establish causal directions. Thus, “lead to” is stronger than this study supports. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [7] 2001, Cognitive function and ageing study (MRC CFAS), Lancet
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Terms used to describe visible perivascular spaces include large, dilated, large dilated, or enlarged Virchow–Robin spaces or perivascular spaces.38,41,42,44–48”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Groeschel, 2006, Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance images: normative data, their dilatation, and a review of the literature, Neuroradiology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Zhu, 2010, Severity of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces is associated with age, blood pressure, and MRI markers of small vessel disease: a population-based study, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] MacLullich, 2004, Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with cognitive function in healthy elderly men, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Heier, 1989, Large Virchow-Robin spaces: MR-clinical correlation, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Patankar, 2005, Dilatation of the Virchow-Robin space is a sensitive indicator of cerebral microvascular disease: study in elderly patients with dementia, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Rouhl, 2008, Virchow-Robin spaces relate to cerebral small vessel disease severity, J Neurol source
- Supportedcites [47] Zhu, 2011, Frequency and location of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in elderly people: a population-based 3D MR imaging study, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol source
The Abstract calls the visible spaces “dilated Virchow-Robin spaces” and says they can enlarge and become visible on MR imaging. The Discussion uses “large dVRS” and “dilated perivascular spaces,” supporting this paper’s citation as an example of the terminology listed. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [48] Chen, 2011, Assessment of the Virchow-Robin Spaces in Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging, using high-field MR imaging, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol source
The introductory passage in our copy (labeled Abstract; page unavailable) equates Virchow–Robin spaces with perivascular spaces and describes their pathologic dilation and enlargement. That supports this paper’s contribution to the citing sentence’s list of terms; it need not use every listed variant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhages, which are not thought to be caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and are mostly due to perforating arteriolar vasculopathy.64,65”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Qureshi, 2001, Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med source
- Partly supportedcites [65] Jackson, 2006, Is hypertension a more frequent risk factor for deep than for lobar supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage?, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper says cerebral amyloid angiopathy causes mainly lobar haemorrhages and describes a proposed link between deep haemorrhage and disease of small perforating vessels. It does not rule out amyloid angiopathy as a cause of non-lobar haemorrhage or establish that most non-lobar haemorrhages result from perforating arteriolar vasculopathy; it notes uncertainty about that vascular pathology (introductory passage and Discussion; page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The combination of clinical syndrome plus MRI results but without diffusion-weighted imaging, or clinical syndrome plus CT results, is not optimal; clinical syndrome alone is the least reliable method of assessment.81”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image acquisition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [81] Potter, 2010, Associations of clinical stroke misclassification (‘clinical–imaging dissociation’) in acute ischemic stroke, Cerebrovasc Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says clinical classification alone can misclassify mild strokes and that adding CT remains less sensitive than DWI for small acute infarcts. The Methods (page not provided) say all patients received MRI including DWI, so the paper does not assess MRI without DWI or establish a reliability ranking in which clinical assessment alone is definitively last. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Microinfarcts are very small ischaemic lesions recorded mostly in the cortex during autopsy in older people, but are occasionally seen on high-field MRI.109,110”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Future developments and challenges
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] Smith, 2012, Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions, Lancet Neurol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Neuropathology section describes very small microinfarcts found in autopsy studies of older people, and the Neuroimaging section reports sub-millimeter infarcts demonstrated with 7-Tesla post-mortem MRI (pages unavailable). But the paper says pathological studies predominantly sampled the cortex, not that microinfarcts themselves are found mostly there; it also does not establish occasional detection on high-field MRI during life. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] Brundel, 2012, Cerebral microinfarcts: a systematic review of neuropathological studies, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“neuropathological substrates of atrophy include neuronal loss,72 cortical thinning, subcortical vascular pathology with white matter rarefaction and shrinkage, arteriolosclerosis, venous collagenosis, and secondary neurodegenerative changes.73,74”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Brain atrophy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Bobinski, 2000, The histological validation of post mortem magnetic resonance imaging-determined hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease, Neuroscience source
- Partly supportedcites [73] Jagust, 2008, Neuropathological basis of magnetic resonance images in aging and dementia, Ann Neurol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results and Discussion (page not provided) link cortical gray matter atrophy to subcortical vascular pathology and arteriosclerosis, and describe white matter pathology associated with vascular disease. They do not establish white matter shrinkage, venous collagenosis, or secondary neurodegenerative changes as substrates of atrophy. Neuronal loss is followed by a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Black, 2009, Understanding white matter disease. Imaging–pathological correlations in vascular cognitive impairment, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Known examples to avoid are the misclassification of white matter hyperintensities as normal grey matter, of lacunes as ventricle or white matter hyperintensity, or of small subcortical infarcts as white matter hyperintensities.84”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image analysis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [84] Wang, 2012, How much do focal infarcts distort white matter lesions and global cerebral atrophy measures?, Cerebrovasc Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results (page unavailable) support the risk that stroke lesions, including lacunes, can be counted as white matter lesions; the paper also discusses stroke lesions being classified as CSF. Our copy does not document white matter hyperintensities being classified as normal grey matter or lacunes being classified specifically as ventricles. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recommendations for imaging and reporting of microbleeds have been published,60”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [60] Greenberg, 2009, Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation, Lancet Neurol source
The paper’s “Recommendations and Future Directions” section gives guidance on MRI methods for detecting microbleeds and says studies should specify imaging parameters and use systematic rules or standardized rating instruments. That supports the statement that recommendations for imaging and reporting microbleeds have been published. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which is also true for protocols for image acquisition and image analysis”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the most common terms were lacunar infarcts, lacunar infarctions, and lacunar strokes”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common terms were leukoaraiosis, white matter lesions, white matter hyperintensities, leukoencephalopathy (usually in the context of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy [CADASIL]), and white matter disease”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Commonly used terms were lacune, lacunar stroke, and silent brain infarct.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microbleed was by far the most common term, followed by cerebral microbleed, then brain microbleed.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our systematic review of studies on SVD and atrophy revealed the use of many synonymous terms, including atrophy, brain volume, volume loss, and others.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Brain atrophy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Working groups developed standards for each of the six key lesion types, using established principles for guideline development published by the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (Equator) Network.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did systematic searches to identify relevant published work”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This amount of variation inhibits cross-study comparisons and is a barrier to research on risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological correlations, and clinical consequences of these lesions.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Occasionally, a recent asymptomatic small subcortical infarct is identified by chance on imaging,14,15 and is referred to as a silent cerebral infarct.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Kang, 2012, New ischemic lesions coexisting with acute intracerebral hemorrhage, Neurology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Chowdhury, 2004, Are multiple acute small subcortical infarctions caused by embolic mechanisms?, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The working method was based on the Delphi principle with workshops at the beginning and end of the project, and with interim work assignments”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such standardisation could be used in clinical practice to improve diagnosis and better understand the cause of cognitive impairment in elderly patients.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the cause of about a fifth of all strokes worldwide.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Norrving, 2008, Lacunar infarcts: no black holes in the brain are benign, Pract Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Pantoni, 2010, Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges, Lancet Neurol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We completed a structured process to develop definitions and imaging standards for markers and consequences of SVD.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants reviewed and endorsed the final document.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interpretation of data from many reports is hampered by the variable consequences of acute SVD and related lesions and the convergence of lesions with different causes but similar late appearances on MRI”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visibility alone cannot be a uniform criterion for pathologically enlarged perivascular spaces.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we recognise that this size boundary is not supported by much objective evidence, and research is needed.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Synonymous terms for perivascular spaces include Virchow–Robin spaces,40 type 3 lacune,43 or état crible when located predominantly in the basal ganglia.38”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Groeschel, 2006, Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance images: normative data, their dilatation, and a review of the literature, Neuroradiology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Kwee, 2007, Virchow-Robin spaces at MR imaging, Radiographics source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Poirier, 1984, Cerebral lacunae. A proposed new classification, Clin Neuropathol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether the presence of several visible perivascular spaces is clinically significant remains controversial”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Perivascular spaces are extensions of the extracerebral fluid space around arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules as they course from the brain surface into and through the brain parenchyma”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Pollock, 1997, Perivascular spaces in the basal gangli of the human brain: their relationship to lacunes, J Anat source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since old infarcts are generally smaller than recent infarcts because of tissue loss and an ex-vacuo effect in old lesions, and because of swelling in new lesions.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the association between the size of the perivascular spaces and clinical consequences is not well understood”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the pathogenesis of these white matter lesions is not well understood and could be multifactorial.30”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Gouw, 2011, Heterogeneity of small vessel disease: a systematic review of MRI and histopathology correlations, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some studies have shown that the small subcortical infarcts might have differing fates, evolving into a lacunar cavity or hyperintensity without apparent cavitation on T2-weighted sequences, or might disappear leaving little visible consequence on conventional MRI”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cause of most lacunes is presumed to be small subcortical infarcts, either symptomatic or silent”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Franke, 1991, Residual lesions on computed tomography after intracerebral hemorrhage, Stroke source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“this term was later adopted to denote hyperintensity on T2-weighted and FLAIR MRI, and sometimes also hypointensity on T1-weighted MRI”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Hachinski, 1987, Leukoaraiosis, Arch Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“some studies have associated more prominent perivascular spaces with worse cognitive function.42”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Perivascular space
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] MacLullich, 2004, Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with cognitive function in healthy elderly men, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“are associated with an increased risk of stroke, gait impairment, and dementia.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Vermeer, 2007, Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review, Lancet Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Santos, 2009, Differential impact of lacunes and microvascular lesions on poststroke depression, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Choi, 2012, Silent infarcts and cerebral microbleeds modify the associations of white matter lesions with gait and postural stability: population-based study, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Snowdon, 1997, Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Leukoaraiosis describes a reduced area of x-ray attenuation on CT,36”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Hachinski, 1987, Leukoaraiosis, Arch Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In some cases, the central cavity fluid is not suppressed on FLAIR, and the lesion can appear entirely hyperintense, despite MRI having a clear CSF-like intensity on other sequences such as T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Lacune of presumed vascular origin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Moreau, 2012, Cavitation after acute symptomatic lacunar stroke depends on time, location, and MRI sequence, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Estimates of the proportion of recent small subcortical infarcts that cavitate range from 28%17 to 94%.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Recent small subcortical infarct
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Potter, 2010, Counting cavitating lacunes underestimates the burden of lacunar infarction, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Moreau, 2012, Cavitation after acute symptomatic lacunar stroke depends on time, location, and MRI sequence, Stroke source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Intracerebral haemorrhage could be a manifestation of SVD62 or secondary to other causes such as vascular malformations.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Lammie, 2000, Stress-related primary intracerebral hemorrhage: autopsy clues to underlying mechanism, Stroke source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Superficial cortical siderosis could be a chronic consequence of subarachnoid bleeding or might be the result of very superficial cortical bleeding caused by vascular malformations, cerebral amyloid angiopathy,67 spinal dural defects, or it might also be idiopathic.67,68”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The pathological changes of atrophy are heterogeneous and not necessarily indicative of neuronal loss.69–71”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Brain atrophy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Jack, 2011, Alliance for aging research AD biomarkers work group: structural MRI, Neurobiol Aging source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Walters, 2001, Haemodialysis and cerebral oedema, Nephron source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Duning, 2005, Dehydration confounds the assessment of brain atrophy, Neurology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results of a small study66 suggested good, but not perfect, inter-rater agreement on the site of origin of intracerebral haemorrhages.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Bhattathiri, 2003, Reliability assessment of computerized tomography scanning measurements in intracerebral hematoma, Neurosurg Focus source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A field strength of 3·0 T might be preferred, but images from modern 1·5 T MRI scanners are often of a similarly high definition,80 and are therefore acceptable”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Advised minimum standards and parameters for imaging of SVD > Image acquisition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Wardlaw, 2012, A systematic review of the utility of 1·5 versus 3 Tesla magnetic resonance brain imaging in clinical practice and research, Eur Radiol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Revised research criteria for cerebral amyloid angiopathy include superficial cortical siderosis as an additional haemorrhagic manifestation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, equivalent to a lobar intracerebral haemorrhage.67”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Linn, 2010, Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Neurology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intracerebral haemorrhage have been published previously.63”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Other haemorrhagic lesions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Broderick, 2007, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cerebral microbleeds are associated with SVD and Alzheimer's disease.57,58”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Cordonnier, 2007, Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting, Brain source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Vernooij, 2008, Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: the Rotterdam Scan Study, Neurology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence or absence of strictly lobar microbleeds has been included in research criteria for cerebral amyloid angiopathy.59”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Knudsen, 2001, Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria, Neurology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results of some studies30,52,53 suggest that MR-visible lesions correspond to haemosiderin-laden macrophages in perivascular tissue, consistent with vascular leakage of blood cells.52,54–56”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Gouw, 2011, Heterogeneity of small vessel disease: a systematic review of MRI and histopathology correlations, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Shoamanesh, 2011, Cerebral microbleeds: histopathological correlation of neuroimaging, Cerebrovasc Dis source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] De Reuck, 2011, Comparison of 7·0-T T*-magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral bleeds in post-mortem brain sections of Alzheimer patients with their neuropathological correlates, Cerebrovasc Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fazekas, 1999, Histopathologic analysis of foci of signal loss on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MR images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Dichgans, 2002, Cerebral microbleeds in CADASIL: a gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy study, Stroke source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Tatsumi, 2008, Direct comparison of histology of microbleeds with postmortem MR images: a case report, Cerebrovasc Dis source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, combining diffusion tensor imaging and atrophy allows the study of the effects of vascular lesions on distantly connected brain regions.108”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Future developments and challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] Duering, 2012, Incident subcortical infarcts induce focal thinning in connected cortical regions, Neurology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the mechanisms of this association, including whether microbleeds damage the brain and cause dysfunction, are not well understood.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“emerging data shows association between microbleeds and cognitive impairment”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Context, terminology, and definitions of imaging features > Cerebral microbleed
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Larger cortical microinfarcts have been visualised on 7·0 T MRI, and these lesions were sometimes visible on conventional 3·0 T MRI.111”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Future developments and challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [111] van Veluw, 2012, In vivo detection of cerebral cortical microinfarcts with high-resolution 7T MRI, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These standards were developed on the basis of consensus in a large group of experts using rigorous methods.”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Tissue loss in brain atrophy is inferred from enlargement of peripheral and central CSF spaces relative to intracranial volume and other measures.
“Tissue loss is assumed from the enlargement of peripheral (sulcal) and central (ventricular) CSF spaces in relation to intracranial volume and other measures”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proposed standards reliably classify most manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease seen on neuroimaging.
“These standards are expected to reliably classify most manifestations of SVD seen on neuroimaging”
The paper relies on this without support.
Automated computational methods have not been developed for small vessel disease.
“This validation step is crucial for studies of SVD because automated methods have not been developed for the disorder, and there is a high risk of misclassification of lesions, especially when unfamiliar pulse sequences are used or scanners are upgraded.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most scanners can now perform 3D acquisitions for T1, T2, GRE, and FLAIR.
“These three-dimensional acquisitions are now possible on most scanners for T1-weighted, T2-weighted, GRE, and FLAIR techniques.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Validation of 3D magnetisation-prepared T1-weighted protocols for major scanner types at 1.5 T and 3.0 T has been done by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
“The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative has validated three-dimensional magnetisation prepared T1-weighted sequence protocols for the major scanner types at 1·5 T and 3·0 T; sequence protocols are freely available.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sequences sensitive to paramagnetic content, like susceptibility-weighted imaging, produce more artifacts.
“Other high-resolution sequences sensitive to paramagnetic content, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging and equivalents, should be considered for three-dimensional image acquisition, although these sequences increase the presence of artifacts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Regular recalibration against standard examples helps maintain consistency when rating many scans or scans from different sessions.
“Regular recalibration against standard examples is useful to maintain consistency when rating large numbers of scans or when rating images from different sessions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A single sequence in the coronal or sagittal plane, rather than axial, aids visualisation of correct lesion dimensions.
“The use of one sequence (usually T1-weighted MRI) in the coronal or sagittal plane instead of the axial plane helps to visualise the correct lesion dimensions (appendix).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, in AD there is generalised atrophy with focal changes in the temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus.”
From The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, microbleeds develop in the absence of A 𝛃 pathology and are associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, as shown in patients with small vessel disease of the brain that is estimated to contribute to 50% of all dementias wordwide including AD (224, 550, 637).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [637]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“vascular cognitive impairment and VaD are associated with cortical and subcortical vascular changes (latter including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces and microbleeds) [11, 12].”
From The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“FTD is associated with anterior temporal pole and frontal atrophy, with semantic dementia subtype associated with asymmetric temporal atrophy.”
From The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“DLB shows relative preservation of the hippocampus and occipital and subcortical atrophy”
From The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the citing paper
“However, imaging findings should not be equated with specific pathological changes. 81”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) are a frequent MRI finding in elderly people, especially in subjects with vascular risk factors and in patients attending memory clinics 81,153,154 (Figures 1 and 2).”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Among the earliest manifestations of SVD is a subtle loss of microstructural tissue integrity.”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“These early stages are not detected by conventional MRI but are captured by diffusion tensor imaging. 81”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“The recent STRIVE imaging criteria for small-vessel disease [38] published after the completion of our study, aligned with VICCCS' conceptualization for SIVaD”
From Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: Guidelines from the Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study (2018) · cites this paper as [38]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > References
“100. Cordonnier C Potter GM Jackson CA Improving interrater agreement about brain microbleeds. Development of the brain observer microbleed scales (BOMBS) Stroke 49 2009 94 99”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > References
“23. Santos M Gold G Kovari E Differential impact of lacunes and microvascular lesions on poststroke depression Stroke 40 2009 3557 3562”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > References
“33. Saini M Ikram K Hilal S Qiu A Venketasubramanian N Chen C Silent stroke: not listened to rather than silent Stroke 3 2012 3102 3104”
§ Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration > References
“18. Moreau F Patel S Lauzon ML Cavitation after acute symptomatic lacunar stroke depends on time, location, and MRI sequence Stroke 43 2012 1837 1842”
Citations
Cites
Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults
Lin, F. R., Yaffe, K., Xia, J., Xue, Q.-L., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Ayonayon, H. N., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., et al. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868 · Cited by 4,017
Gorelick, P. B., Scuteri, A., Black, S. E., DeCarli, C., Greenberg, S. M., Iadecola, C., Launer, L. J., Laurent, S., Lopez, O. L., Nyenhuis, D., et al. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e3182299496 · Cited by 3,811
Self-citationThe Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Pantoni, L. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70104-6 · Cited by 3,405
Self-citationDebette, S., & Markus, H. S. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3666 · Cited by 2,328
Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Bang, W., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24 · Cited by 1,992
A New Rating Scale for Age-Related White Matter Changes Applicable to MRI and CT
Wahlund, L., Barkhof, F., Fazekas, F., Bronge, L., Augustin, M., Sjögren, M., Wallin, A., Adèr, H., Leys, D., Pantoni, L., et al. (2001) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.32.6.1318 · Cited by 1,838
Self-citationCerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation
Greenberg, S. M., Vernooij, M. W., Cordonnier, C., Viswanathan, A., Al-Shahi Salman, R., Warach, S., Launer, L. J., Van Buchem, M. A., & Breteler, M. M. (2009) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70013-4 · Cited by 1,798
Self-citationHachinski, V., Iadecola, C., Petersen, R. C., Breteler, M. M., Nyenhuis, D. L., Black, S. E., Powers, W. J., DeCarli, C., Merino, J. G., Kalaria, R. N., et al. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000237236.88823.47 · Cited by 1,722
Self-citationSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Qureshi, A. I., Tuhrim, S., Broderick, J. P., Batjer, H. H., Hondo, H., & Hanley, D. F. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105103441907 · Cited by 1,719
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2001, Cognitive function and ageing study (MRC CFAS), Lancet, 357, 169
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blood–brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders
Sweeney, M. D., Sagare, A. P., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188 · Cited by 3,076
Calkins, H. G., Hindricks, G., Cappato, R., Kim, Y., Saad, E., Aguinaga, L., Akar, J. G., Badhwar, V., Brugada, J., Camm, A. J., et al. (2017) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.05.012 · Cited by 2,794
Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup
Jack, C. R., Andrews, J. S., Beach, T. G., Buracchio, T., Dunn, B., Graf, A., Hansson, O., Ho, C., Jagust, W., McDade, E., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13859 · Cited by 2,803
“State-of-the-art meth-ods in neuroimaging of small-vessel disease 203 are reviewed in the recent STRIVE-2 guidelines.”
Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back
Sweeney, M. D., Zhao, Z., Montagne, A., Nelson, A. R., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00050.2017 · Cited by 2,312
The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia
Iadecola, C. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.008 · Cited by 1,857
Metadata
- Authors
- Wardlaw, J. M., Smith, E. E., Biessels, G. J., Cordonnier, C., Fazekas, F., Frayne, R., Lindley, R. I., O'Brien, J. T., Barkhof, F., Benavente, O. R., Black, S. E., Brayne, C., Breteler, M., Chabriat, H., DeCarli, C., de Leeuw, F.-E., Doubal, F., Duering, M., Fox, N. C., Greenberg, S., Hachinski, V., Kilimann, I., Mok, V., Oostenbrugge, R. V., Pantoni, L., Speck, O., Stephan, B. C. M., Teipel, S., Viswanathan, A., Werring, D., Chen, C., Smith, C., van Buchem, M., Norrving, B., Gorelick, P. B., & Dichgans, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (FR)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Institut für Schlaganfall- und Demenzforschung (DE)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Western University (CA)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (IT)
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (DE)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Skåne University Hospital (SE)
- Trinity Health Grand Rapids (US)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wardlaw, Joanna M
- Dichgans, Martin
- ORCID
- Wardlaw, Joanna M
- Smith, Eric E
- Biessels, Geert J
- Cordonnier, Charlotte
- Fazekas, Franz
- Frayne, Richard
- Lindley, Richard I
- O'Brien, John T
- Barkhof, Frederik
- Black, Sandra E
- Brayne, Carol
- Breteler, Monique
- Chabriat, Hugues
- DeCarli, Charles
- de Leeuw, Frank-Erik
- Doubal, Fergus
- Duering, Marco
- Fox, Nick C
- Greenberg, Steven
- Hachinski, Vladimir
- Kilimann, Ingo
- Mok, Vincent
- Pantoni, Leonardo
- Speck, Oliver
- Stephan, Blossom C M
- Teipel, Stefan
- Viswanathan, Anand
- Werring, David
- Chen, Christopher
- Smith, Colin
- van Buchem, Mark
- Norrving, Bo
- Gorelick, Philip B
- Dichgans, Martin
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 822-838
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3714437
- OpenAlex
- W2158742097
- Cited by
- 5,544
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 529 · 2025: 499 · 2024: 602 · 2023: 570 · 2022: 658 · 2021: 565 · 2020: 482 · 2019: 443 · 2018: 328 · 2017: 290 · 2016: 229 · 2015: 190 · 2014: 127 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 111.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10084, NF-SI-0508-10123)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Medical Research Council (MR/J006971/1)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129, K23AG028726)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS017950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- cerebral small vessel disease, neurodegeneration, aging, white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, microbleeds, perivascular spaces, brain atrophy, subcortical infarcts, scientific reporting standards
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, International Cooperation, Male, Terminology as Topic, Guidelines as Topic, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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