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Cited by 1,874Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeurological disorders and treatments

Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

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Tolosa, Eduardo, Garrido, Alicia, Scholz, Sonja W, Poewe, Werner·2021·The Lancet Neurology
DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00030-2PMC PMC8185633
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Abstract

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and its prevalence has been projected to double over the next 30 years. An accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease remains challenging and the characterisation of the earliest stages of the disease is ongoing. Recent developments over the past 5 years include the validation of clinical diagnostic criteria, the introduction and testing of research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease, and the identification of genetic subtypes and a growing number of genetic variants associated with risk of Parkinson's disease. Substantial progress has been made in the development of diagnostic biomarkers, and genetic and imaging tests are already part of routine protocols in clinical practice, while novel tissue and fluid markers are under investigation. Parkinson's disease is evolving from a clinical to a biomarker-supported diagnostic entity, for which earlier identification is possible, different subtypes with diverse prognosis are recognised, and novel disease-modifying treatments are in development.

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  • CNS diseases include neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as traumatic brain injuries and spinal cord injuries.

    “The diseases encompass various severe conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [3, 4] and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [5, 6], as well as traumatic brain injuries (TBI) [7] and spinal cord injuries (SCI) [8].”

    From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [6]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Tolosa, E., Garrido, A., Scholz, S. W., & Poewe, W.
Affiliations
  • Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (ES)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
Corresponding author
Tolosa, Eduardo
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet Neurology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-05
Volume
20
Issue
5
Pages
385-397
ISSN
1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00030-2
PMC
PMC8185633
OpenAlex
W3154237080
Cited by
1,874
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 403 · 2025: 584 · 2024: 467 · 2023: 299 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 16
FWCI
28.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (ZIANS003154)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, diagnosis, prodromal Parkinson's disease, clinical criteria, genetic subtypes, genetic risk variants, diagnostic biomarkers, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, tissue biomarkers, early detection, disease-modifying therapy
MeSH terms
Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Parkinson Disease, Disease Progression, Symptom Assessment

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