Cited by 283Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionWorkplace Violence and BullyingChild Abuse and Trauma

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Bullying by peers in childhood and effects on psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality in adulthood

Klomek, Anat Brunstein, Sourander, Andre, Elonheimo, Henrik·2015·The Lancet Psychiatry

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Abstract

Bullying is shown to be associated with adverse outcomes in cross-sectional studies, but only a few studies have prospectively examined the effects of childhood bullying on adult outcomes. Our Series paper focuses on prospective longitudinal studies that used large, population-based, community samples analysed through quantitative methods and published between 1960 and 2015. We describe the results of childhood bullying in adulthood in three of the most burdensome areas: psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality. We note that the different groups involved (ie, victims, bullies, and bully-victims) are at risk of difficulties later in life, but their risk profiles differ and the contributions are probably not independent. Controlling for confounders reduces the risk and sometimes eliminates it. Victims are at a high risk of internalising disorders. Bullies seem to be at risk of later externalising disorders and criminality, mainly violent crime and illicit drug misuse. Bully-victims seem to be at risk of internalising disorders, externalising disorders, and criminality, but not all studies examined bully-victims as a separate group. Boys and girls differ in their long-term outcomes. A dose effect exists in which frequent bullying involvement in childhood is most strongly associated with adult adversities. Future studies need to control for additional factors (including genetic, psychosocial, and environmental) to account for the mechanisms behind the reported longitudinal associations.

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Impact of Bullying—Victimization and Gender over Psychological Distress, Suicidal Ideation, and Family Functioning of Mexican Adolescents
Fadda, S. M. N., Castañeda, R. C., Jiménez, E. V., Ochoa, G. M., & Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050747 · Cited by 28
“That includes depressive and anxiety disorders [10,16] and externalizing problems, such as substance use, violent and antisocial behaviors, and sexually risky behaviors [17,18].”
Background
Do social support and eating family meals together play a role in promoting resilience to bullying and cyberbullying in Scottish school children?
Shaw, R. J., Currie, D. B., Smith, G. S., Brown, J. E., Smıth, D. J., & Inchley, J. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100485 · Cited by 24
Exposure to School Bullying and Psychological Health in Young Adulthood: A Prospective 10-Year Follow-Up Study
Östberg, V., Modin, B. E., & Låftman, S. B. (2017) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2017.1296770 · Cited by 23
“It is important to note that perpetrators, too, are at risk of having later problems, such as externalizing disorders and criminality (Klomek et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Externalizing Problems and Mental Health Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Addictive Behaviors
Richard, J., Grande‐Gosende, A., Fletcher, É., Temcheff, C. E., Ivoska, W., & Derevensky, J. L. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00112-2 · Cited by 23
Effects of psychosocial and socio‐environmental factors on anxiety disorder among adolescents in Bangladesh
Khan, M. M. A., & Khan, M. N. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1899 · Cited by 23
“Moreover, Klomek et al. (2015) have demonstrated that childhood bullying victimization can affect three of the most burdensome areas in adulthood: psychopathology, criminality, and suicidality.”
Background
The longitudinal associations between bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, and internalizing symptoms: Bidirectionality and mediation by friend support
Siennick, S. E., & Turanovic, J. J. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000147 · Cited by 23
Bullying and School Violence
Flannery, D. J., Scholer, S. J., & Noriega, I. (2023) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.014 · Cited by 28
Formation of protagonist adolescents to prevent bullying in school contexts
Neto, W. B., da Silva, C. O., do Amorim, R. R. T., de Aquino, J. M., Filho, A. J. D. A., Gomes, B. D. M. R., & Monteiro, E. M. L. M. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0418 · Cited by 27
“Estudos evidenciam que os estudantes envolvidos em episódios de bullying têm prejuízos a curto prazo, como insônia, quadros de ansiedade(7), problemas de internalização e uso de substâncias(8), rejeição pelos pares(6), dificuldades acadêmicas e/ou baixo rendimento escolar(9); e a longo prazo, acarretando problemas de…”
Background
Parental Behavioral Control and Bullying and Victimization of Rural Adolescents in China: The Roles of Deviant Peer Affiliation and Gender
Chen, X., Li, L., Lv, G., & Li, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094816 · Cited by 22
Cyberbullying through the lens of trauma: an empirical examination of US youth
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22692-6 · Cited by 39
“It would be important to know whether the trauma experienced is relatively short-lived (a few months), or whether it persists for many years (e.g., some research has shown the effects of school bullying to last well into the adult years [88, 130, 131]).”
Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems: longitudinal investigation of their independent associations with risk factors and later outcomes
Ganesan, K., Shakoor, S., Wertz, J., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Bowes, L., Jaffee, S. R., Matthews, T., & Arseneault, L. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02062-4 · Cited by 20
Efficacy of a Web-Enabled, School-Based, Preventative Intervention to Reduce Bullying and Improve Mental Health in Children and Adolescents: Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Babarro, J. M., Abregú-Crespo, R., Huete-Diego, M. Á., Giménez‐Dasí, M., Serrano-Marugán, I., & Arango, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.628984 · Cited by 31
Bullying among children and adolescents
Thornberg, R., Hunter, S. C., Hong, J. S., & Rönnberg, J. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12610 · Cited by 24
Mediators of aggression in a school-based physical activity intervention for low-income adolescent boys
Wade, L., Smith, J. J., Duncan, M. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2017) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.12.006 · Cited by 22
Quality of life and self-esteem in 7-year-old children with familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: the Danish High Risk and Resilience Study-VIA 7—a population-based cohort study
Ellersgaard, D., Gregersen, M., Ranning, A., Haspang, T. M., Christiani, C. J., Hemager, N., Burton, B. K., Spang, K. S., Søndergaard, A., Greve, A. N., et al. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01397-3 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, bullying has also been found to be associated with psychotic-like experiences [35], suicidal ideation [33, 34], and substance use [34].”
Background
Bullying Victimization among Mexican Adolescents: Psychosocial Differences from an Ecological Approach
Fadda, S. M. N., Castañeda, R. C., Jiménez, E. V., Ochoa, G. M., & Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134831 · Cited by 19
Correlates of—and Consequences for—Bully-Victims in a Sample of Serious Adolescent Offenders
Piquero, A. R., Piquero, N. L., & Underwood, M. K. (2016) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204016657396 · Cited by 22
Associations between epigenetic aging and childhood peer victimization, depression, and suicidal ideation in adolescence and adulthood: a study of two population-based samples
Perret, L. C., Geoffroy, M.-C., Barr, E., Parnet, F., Provencal, N., Boivin, M., O’Donnell, K. J., Suderman, M., Power, C., Turecki, G., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.1051556 · Cited by 19
“, 2018), which can persist into adulthood (Takizawa et al., 2014; Klomek et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2017).”
Background
Peer gender and mental health
Getik, D., & Meier, A. N. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.03.014 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying Program with and without the Online Game in Chile: a Three-Arm Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Valenzuela, D., Turunen, T., Gana, S., Rojas‐Barahona, C. A., Araya, R., Salmivalli, C., & Gaete, J. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01379-z · Cited by 20
Shared genetic influences between depression and conduct disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Caserini, C., Ferro, M., Nobile, M., Scaini, S., & Michelini, G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.001 · Cited by 19
Victimization In Childhood Affects Depression In Adulthood Via Neuroticism: A Path Analysis Study
Tachi, S., Asamizu, M., Uchida, Y., Katayama, S., Naruse, M., Masuya, J., Ichiki, M., & Inoue, T. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s220349 · Cited by 18
The Impact of Childhood Bullying Trajectories on Young Adulthood Antisocial Trajectories
Farrell, A. H., & Vaillancourt, T. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01456-6 · Cited by 17
Relative age in the school year and risk of mental health problems in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood
Broughton, T., Langley, K., Tilling, K. M., & Collishaw, S. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13684 · Cited by 17
“I’m Often Alone”: An Ethnographic Study of School Loneliness and Bullying in a Swedish Elementary School
Strindberg, J. (2022) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-022-09715-8 · Cited by 23
“What I was told by Liam during our short meeting in the schoolyard reflected feelings of boredom, aimlessness, and social isolation, which have been related to experiences of being socially excluded and bullied (Berguno et al., 2004; Klomek et al., 2015; Qualter et al., 2010; Zych et al., 2017).”
Background
Blurred boundaries and the hierarchization of incidents: Swedish schoolteachers’ struggles with distinguishing degrading treatment, harassment, and school bullying
Horton, P., Forsberg, C., & Thornberg, R. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2022.2116486 · Cited by 14
“After all, research suggests that there is a greater risk of negative long-term e ﬀ ects when bullying is repeated over time (Klomek et al., 2015).”
Background
Bullying and suicide in high school students: Findings from the 2015 California youth risk behavior survey
Li, Y., & Shi, J. (2018) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1456389 · Cited by 16
“As for the association of depression with suicide, recent research has often studied how youth risk behaviors such as substance abuse or bullying were related to both depression and suicide (Hallfors et al., 2004; Klomek et al., 2013, 2015; Pranjić & Bajraktarević, 2010).”
Background
Relationships Between Experiences of Sibling Physical Aggression and Lifetime Aggression Using Statistical Controls for Poly-Victimization
Mangold, A. C., & King, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00134-8 · Cited by 16
Associations among Bullying Victimization, Family Dysfunction, Negative Affect, and Bullying Perpetration in Macanese Adolescents
Chui, W. H., Weng, X., & Khiatani, P. V. (2020) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x20983741 · Cited by 16
“Bullying is also associated with an increased risk of emotional problems, such as distress, depression, and anxiety (Baldry, 2004; Bowes et al., 2014; Gini & Pozzoli, 2009; Klomek et al., 2015, Wolke et al., 2015).”
Background
Comunicación con los padres, malestar psicológico y actitud hacia la autoridad en adolescentes mexicanos: su influencia en la victimización escolar
Castañeda, R. C., Fadda, S. M. N., Ochoa, G. M., & Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E. (2019) · Estudios sobre Educación · doi:10.15581/004.36.113-134 · Cited by 16
Perceived friend support buffers against symptoms of depression in peer victimized adolescents: Evidence from a population-based cohort in South Korea
Perret, L. C., Ki, M., Commisso, M., Chon, D., Scardera, S., Kim, W., Fuhrer, R., Gariépy, G., Ouellet‐Morin, I., & Geoffroy, M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.078 · Cited by 15
Does Bullying Attitude Matter in School Bullying among Adolescent Students: Evidence from 34 OECD Countries
Man, X., Liu, J., & Xue, Z. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9070975 · Cited by 15
Effectiveness of A Multicomponent School Based Intervention to Reduce Bullying among Adolescents in Chandigarh, North India: A Quasi-Experimental Study Protocol
Rana, M., Gupta, M., Malhi, P., Grover, S., & Kaur, M. (2018) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2018.1304 · Cited by 15
A Latent Transition Analysis of Youth Bullying Victimization Patterns over Time and Their Relations to Delinquency
Zhang, S., Hong, J. S., Hao, Y., Lee, N. Y., & Piquero, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520958635 · Cited by 15
“Future research may also consider profiling the transition of peer victimization statuses at various time periods to depict a more comprehensive picture across children’s development, and how this is related to adult criminality (Klomek et al., 2015; Piquero et al., 2013).”
Background

Authors: Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., & Elonheimo, H.
Affiliations: Reichman University (IL)
University of Turku (FI)
Corresponding author: Klomek, Anat Brunstein
ORCID: Klomek, Anat Brunstein
Elonheimo, Henrik
Venue: The Lancet Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-10
Volume: 2
Issue: 10
Pages: 930-941
ISSN: 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00223-0
OpenAlex: W2148740948
Cited by: 283
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 3.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: childhood bullying, peer victimization, bullying perpetration, bully-victims, adult psychopathology, internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, suicidality, criminality, violent crime, sex differences, dosage effect, long-term outcomes
MeSH terms: Criminal Behavior, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Suicide, Crime Victims, Bullying, Patient Outcome Assessment, Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Bullying by peers in childhood and effects on psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality in adulthood

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