Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Both bullies and victims of bullying are at risk for psychiatric problems in childhood, but it is unclear if this elevated risk extends into early adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To test whether bullying and/or being bullied in childhood predicts psychiatric problems and suicidality in young adulthood after accounting for childhood psychiatric problems and family hardships. DESIGN: Prospective, population-based study. SETTING: Community sample from 11 counties in Western North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1420 participants who had being bullied and bullying assessed 4 to 6 times between the ages of 9 and 16 years. Participants were categorized as bullies only, victims only, bullies and victims (hereafter referred to as bullies/victims), or neither. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Psychiatric outcomes, which included depression, anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, substance use disorders, and suicidality (including recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or a suicide attempt), were assessed in young adulthood (19, 21, and 24-26 years) by use of structured diagnostic interviews. RESULTS Victims and bullies/victims had elevated rates of young adult psychiatric disorders, but also elevated rates of childhood psychiatric disorders and family hardships. After controlling for childhood psychiatric problems or family hardships, we found that victims continued to have a higher prevalence of agoraphobia (odds ratio [OR], 4.6 [95% CI, 1.7-12.5]; P < .01), generalized anxiety (OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.1-6.3]; P < .001), and panic disorder (OR, 3.1 [95% CI, 1.5-6.5]; P < .01) and that bullies/victims were at increased risk of young adult depression (OR, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.2-19.4]; P < .05), panic disorder (OR, 14.5 [95% CI, 5.7-36.6]; P < .001), agoraphobia (females only; OR, 26.7 [95% CI, 4.3-52.5]; P < .001), and suicidality (males only; OR, 18.5 [95% CI, 6.2-55.1]; P < .001). Bullies were at risk for antisocial personality disorder only (OR, 4.1 [95% CI, 1.1-15.8]; P < .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The effects of being bullied are direct, pleiotropic, and long-lasting, with the worst effects for those who are both victims and bullies.
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Prospective research from the last decade has revealed that bullying in childhood or adolescence is causally related to the development of mental health problems in later years, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal tendencies that persist into adulthood.
“However, it is only prospective research from the last decade that has revealed that bullying in childhood or adolescence is causally related to the development of mental health problems in later years, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal tendencies that persist into adulthood (11).”
From Bullying of LGBTQ+ children and adolescents in schools: understanding the phenomenon, consequences, and international standards with a focus on the polish context (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies indicate that the stress from bullying contributes significantly to the development of various psychiatric disorders.
“Studies indicate that the stress from bullying contributes significantly to the development of various psychiatric disorders (11).”
From Bullying of LGBTQ+ children and adolescents in schools: understanding the phenomenon, consequences, and international standards with a focus on the polish context (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
The Abstract (Results) reports significantly elevated rates of several adult psychiatric disorders among childhood bullying victims and bully-victims, even after accounting for childhood psychiatric problems and family hardship. The Comment proposes changes in stress response as a possible mechanism, but does not establish that stress from bullying itself causes those disorders. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRejection during adolescence is a powerful threat to mental health.
“Rejection during adolescence is a powerful threat to mental health.(87)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
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- Authors
- Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Copeland, William E.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 419
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3618584
- OpenAlex
- W2122558763
- Cited by
- 1,247
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 23
- FWCI
- 122.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63671, R01MH063970, R01MH048085, MH-63970, K23MH080230, R01MH063671)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011301)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065563, R24HD065563)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- bullying, bullying victims, bullying perpetration, childhood bullying, mental health outcomes, early adulthood, depression, anxiety disorders, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, suicidality, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, antisocial personality disorder, substance use disorders, family hardship, peer victimization, western North Carolina, community sample, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Bullying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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