The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 155 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.
Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Co-occurring mental health or psychiatric conditions are common in autism, impairing quality of life. Reported prevalences of co-occurring mental health or psychiatric conditions in people with autism range widely. Improved prevalence estimates and identification of moderators are needed to enhance recognition and care, and to guide future research.Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature for publications between Jan 1, 1993, and Feb 1, 2019, in English or French, that reported original research using an observational design on the prevalence of co-occurring mental health conditions in people with autism and reported confirmed clinical diagnoses of the co-occurring conditions and autism using DSM or ICD criteria. For co-occurring mental health conditions reported with at least 15 datapoints (studies), we assessed risk of bias and we determined pooled estimates of prevalence for different co-occurring conditions in autism using random-effects models, and descriptively compared these with prevalence estimates for the general population from the literature (post hoc). We investigated heterogeneity in prevalence estimates using random-effects meta-regression models. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42018103176.Findings Of 9746 unique studies identified, 432 were selected for full-text review. 100 studies were eligible for inclusion in our qualitative synthesis, of which 96 were included in our meta-analyses. 11 categories of co-occurring conditions were investigated, of which eight conditions were included in the meta-analyses and three were descriptively synthesised (ie, trauma and stressor-related disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, and gender dysphoria). From our meta-analyses, we found overall pooled prevalence estimates of 28% (95% CI 25-32) for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; 20% (17-23) for anxiety disorders; 13% (9-17) for sleep-wake disorders; 12% (10-15) for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders; 11% (9-13) for depressive disorders; 9% (7-10) for obsessive-compulsive disorder; 5% (3-6) for bipolar disorders; and 4% (3-5) for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Estimates in clinical sample-based studies were higher than in population-based and registry-based studies, and these estimates were mostly higher than those in the general population (post hoc). Age, gender, intellectual functioning, and country of study were associated with heterogeneity in prevalence estimates, yet remaining heterogeneity not explained was still substantial (all I 2 >95%).Interpretation Co-occurring mental health conditions are more prevalent in the autism population than in the general population. Careful assessment of mental health is an essential component of care for all people on the autism spectrum and should be integrated into clinical practice.Funding Academic Scholars Awards, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; O'Brien Scholars Program, Slaight Family Child and Youth Mental Health Innovation Fund, and The Catherine and Maxwell Meighen Foundation via the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Autistic adults are at much higher risk for co-occurring mental health conditions than the general population (Croen et al., 2015;Lai et al., 2019;Rydzewska et al., 2018).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“By comparison, ADHD, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), intellectual disability, academic challenges, irritability and disruptive behaviours become more apparent in school-aged children 165”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [165]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis by Lai, Kassee, Besney et al (2019) of 83 studies produced the following estimated rates of co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism: ADHD 33%, anxiety disorders 23%, sleep-wake disorders 13%, depressive disorders 12%, obsessive-compulsive disorder 10%, disruptive/impulse-control/conduct disorders 10%, schizophrenia spectrum disorders 5%, and bipolar disorders 5%.”
From Annual Research Review: Looking back to look forward – changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research (2020) · cites this paper as Lai, Kassee, Besney et al (2019)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“estimates for ADHD in autistic adults have been reported as high as 28% (Lai et al., 2019).”
From Are prediction error modifications domain specific in autism but domain general in ADHD? (2025) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“autism and schizophrenia are often comorbid (76)”
From Predictive coding and neurocomputational psychiatry: a mechanistic framework for understanding mental disorders (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and depression are prevalent among autistic adolescents and may be difficult to accurately diagnose and treat given various factors (e.g., diagnostic overshadowing, heterogeneity).”
From The relationship between distress tolerance and behavioral activation on anxiety and depression symptomatology in autistic youth: Leveraging self and caregiver perspectives (2024) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Across studies, 15–50% of adults with ADHD exhibit autistic traits or meet ASD diagnostic thresholds, while 15–35% of adults with ASD also fulfill ADHD”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“have increased vulnerability to mental ill‐health (Lai et al., 2019), including high rates of suicide (Cassidy et al., 2014; Kirby et al., 2019).”
From Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science (2022) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Typically, larger sex/gender differences are reported in clinical studies, but infrequently the same patterns emerge in population-based studies78,82–84.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Individuals with autism spectrum disorder often present somatic and/or psychiatric co-morbid disorders.”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the new classification may also have contributed to the limitation of capturing the differences in prevalence observed between males and females for ASD and co-morbidities (7).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition, individuals with ASD are more likely to experience somatic co-morbidities such as epilepsy, gastro-intestinal (GI) disorders or sight/hearing impairments (7).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Our review also gathered evidence that co-morbidities are more frequently observed in ASD individuals compared to typically developed population, which is in accordance with the current literature (7).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental conditions with psychiatric and medical conditions is high74–79.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“In terms of health conditions, autistic females are more likely to have epilepsy and endocrine–reproductive problems79,125, depressive disorders78, and disordered eating and sleep126–128, whereas autistic males are more likely to exhibit hyperactivity in childhood124.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.30 · Cited by 6,903
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Multilevel analysis techniques and applications
Hox, J. J., Moerbeek, M., & van de Schoot, R. (2002) · Cited by 6,006
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,004
Summative content analysis of the recommendations from Project ECHO Ontario Autism
Jane, A., Kanigsberg, L., Patel, A., Eldon, S., Anagnostou, E. A., Brian, J. A., & Penner, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2023.1096314 · Cited by 4
Academic Anxiety among Primary School Students
Rathod, R. R., & Chauhan, D. (2023) · Journal of General Education and Humanities · doi:10.58421/gehu.v2i3.91 · Cited by 3
Ballerini, M., Galderisi, S., Bucci, P., Mucci, A., Lysaker, P. H., & Stanghellini, G. (2023) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000530588 · Cited by 4
Marín, E., Navas-Domenech, I., Otero, I. H., Ramírez‐Martín, A., Mayoral, F., Barbancho, M. Á., Lara, J. P., & Romero-González, M. (2023) · Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil · doi:10.31766/revpsij.v40n2a5 · Cited by 4
Pang, F., Datu, J. A. D., & Lu, M. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2023.2205192 · Cited by 4
Page, S. D., Souders, M. C., Aryal, S., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., & Deatrick, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.08.009 · Cited by 5
Goscicki, B. L. (2023) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2023.09.004 · Cited by 4
Jubenville, T. M., Nicholas, D. B., Weiss, J. A., & Cairns, S. L. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06143-y · Cited by 6
Choi, E. J., Vandewouw, M. M., Taylor, M. J., Stevenson, R. A., Arnold, P. D., Brian, J. A., Crosbie, J., Kelley, E. A., Liu, X., Jones, J., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.10.014 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLavian, R. H., Kimhi, Y., & Shmuelovich, T. (2023) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12634 · Cited by 7
Häger, L. A., Høyland, A. L., Kropotov, J. D., Johnels, J. Å., Weidle, B., Hollup, S., Gillberg, C., Billstedt, E., & Øgrim, G. (2024) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594241227974 · Cited by 4
Bulonza, R., Watkins, K., Parsons, R. W., Sunderland, B., Whitehouse, A., & Caccetta, R. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231226099 · Cited by 4
Yang, L., Ye, J., Zhu, H., Tang, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1390430 · Cited by 7
Aydın, H. U., Tekinarslan, İ. Ç., & Çınar, E. (2024) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2024.2349832 · Cited by 4
Gussin, H. A., Shiu, C. A., Danguilan, C., Mihaila, I., Acharya, K., & Berg, K. L. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06338-x · Cited by 7
Addressing suicidality in autistic youth: Implications for school mental health professionals
Rodriguez, G., Holmberg, D. R., Fredrick, A., & Stadelman, S. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23273 · Cited by 4
Patil, M., Konda, S., & Ganti, L. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.104 · Cited by 4
van Asselt, A., Hoeberichts, K., Demirel, S., Scheeren, A. M., & Roke, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1469257 · Cited by 3
Social Network Structure in Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review
Lei, J., Qian, X., & Kim, K. M. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2024.0029 · Cited by 4
Teixeira, A. L. S., da Costa, M. R. B., Sorato, G. B., Manjabosco, F. D. M., de Bem, É. B., Dellazari, L., Falcão, A. B., Cia, L. D. O., Bezerra, O. S., Borges, R. B., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/58031 · Cited by 4
Pharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Treatment Guidelines
Tomiyama, S., Yoshida, K., Tani, H., & Uchida, H. (2025) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2514-4452 · Cited by 6
Autism and Medical Complexity Among Children in the United States
Smith, P. H., Shea, L., Rast, J. E., Hino, L., Briskey, C., & Schendel, D. (2025) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-067472 · Cited by 4
Casper-White, R., Hebron, J., & Shloim, N. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70007 · Cited by 4
Tabolacci, C., Caruso, A., Micai, M., Galati, G., Lintas, C., Pisanu, M. E., & Scattoni, M. L. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15040539 · Cited by 5
Filho, E. J. D. M., Alves, M. B., & Silveira, P. P. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.51475.1 · Cited by 4
The Relationship Between Autism Diagnostic Criteria and Problematic Eating Behaviors
Young, R. L., Smith, P., Lim, A., & Short, M. A. (2022) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-021-00231-9 · Cited by 5
Davidson, D. Z., & Morales, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813450 · Cited by 9
Neurodevelopmental functioning in probands and non‐proband carriers of 22q11.2 microduplication
Drmic, I., Modi, B. M., McConnell, B. A., Jilderda, S., Hoang, N., Noor, A., Bassett, A. S., Speevak, M. D., Stavropoulos, D. J., & Carter, M. T. (2022) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.62916 · Cited by 6
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Time to Notice the Individuals More Than the Group
Hwang, G. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.012 · Cited by 4
Mental Health Crisis Screening in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kalb, L. G., DiBella, F., Jang, Y. S., Fueyo, M., Mahajan, R., & Vasa, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2119984 · Cited by 4
Coughlan, B., Woolgar, M., Weisblatt, E. J. L., & Duschinsky, R. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221121413 · Cited by 4
Sarro, R. D., Varrucciu, N., Santantonio, A. D., Natali, F., Kaleci, S., Bianco, A., Cappai, M., Lucchi, F., & Bertelli, M. O. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2172396 · Cited by 4
Schnabel, A., & Bastow, C. (2023) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-11-2021-0046 · Cited by 6
Examining subjective understandings of autistic burnout using Q methodology: A study protocol
Mantzalas, J., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285578 · Cited by 7
McNair, M. L., Keenan, E. G., Houck, A. P., & Lerner, M. D. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000950 · Cited by 3
Robinson, J., Russell, A., Johnston, K., Acker, L., Crabtree, J. W., Humphrey, A., Crouch, E., & Mandy, W. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2024.1.375.60 · Cited by 5
Self-citationFrontal and occipital brain glutathione levels are unchanged in autistic adults
Pereira, A. C., Leonard, A., Velthuis, H., Wong, N. M. L., Ponteduro, F. M., Dimitrov, M., Ellis, C. L., Kowalewski, Ł., Lythgoe, D. J., Rotaru, D., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308792 · Cited by 4
Rossow, T., Marco, E. J., Gerdes, M. R., & Tavassoli, T. (2021) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104110 · Cited by 4
Clinical genetic testing and counselling in autism spectrum disorder
Freitag, C. M., Haslinger, D., Yousaf, A., & Waltes, R. (2020) · Medizinische Genetik · doi:10.1515/medgen-2020-2001 · Cited by 5
Greenburgh, A., Baldwin, H., Weir, H., Asif, Z., Laporte, D., Bertram, M., Crawford, A., Duberry, G., Lauter, S., Lloyd‐Evans, B., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.25325952 · Cited by 4
Are prediction error modifications domain specific in autism but domain general in ADHD?
Plank, I. S., Yurova, A., Pior, A., Nowak, J., Bierlich, A. M., Papazov, B., Shi, Z., & Falter-Wagner, C. M. (2025) · Imaging neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.942 · Cited by 3
“The possibility of a double diagnosis has been added to the newest iteration of the International Classification of Diseases ( Taurines et al., 2012; World Health Organization, 2019), and estimates for ADHD in autistic adults have been reported as high as 28% ( Lai et al., 2019).”
Abín, A., Pasarín-Lavín, T., Areces, D., Rodríguez, C., & Núñez, J. C. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11060713 · Cited by 4
Lieneman, C. C., Guastello, A. D., Munson, M. S., Barthle-Herrera, M. A., Bailey, B. A., Higham, M., Druskin, L. R., & McNeil, C. B. (2024) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342241252560 · Cited by 3
Marco, D. D., DClinPsy, P. W., & Troop, N. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12902 · Cited by 3
Simonoff, E. A., Baird, G., Beresford, B., Charman, T., Knapp, M. R. J., Pickles, A. R., Povey, C., Purser, T., Santosh, P., Slonims, V., et al. (2025) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/yrkp9867 · Cited by 4
Hagen, A., Klein, A. M., Bögels, S. M., & van Steensel, F. J. A. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06894-w · Cited by 3
Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Among Self-Medicating Autistic Adults
Papadopoulos, C., Adkin, T., Munday, K., & Gray-Hammond, D. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251344453 · Cited by 3
Pathways to autism diagnosis in adulthood
Dufour, I., Chiu, Y. M., Brodeur, S., Courteau, M., Courteau, J., Dubé, E., LESAGE, A. D., Fombonne, E. J., & Couture, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09627-3 · Cited by 4
Motion Processing in ASD : From Low‐Level Information to Higher‐Level Social Information
Ricou, C., Aguillon-Hernandez, N., & Wardak, C. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.70010 · Cited by 4
Ng‐Cordell, E., Storch, E. A., Kendall, P. C., Wood, J. J., Mikami, A. Y., & Kerns, C. M. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70010 · Cited by 4
Brief Report: Stability of ADHD Symptoms in Early Childhood
Miller, M. R., Orme, M., Piergies, A. M. H., Iosif, A., & Ozonoff, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2534939 · Cited by 3
Gikovate, C. G., & Féres‐Carneiro, T. (2025) · Revista Psicopatologia Fenomenológica Contemporânea · doi:10.37067/rpfc.v14i1.1177 · Cited by 3
Zhao, S., Chen, X., Sun, Q., Zhu, H., Yang, S., Song, X., Chen, J., Zhang, C., & Wu, L. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00422 · Cited by 3
Liu, H., Li, T., Qin, R., Li, L., Ji, C., Yuan, X., Chen, B., Li, C., & Wang, X. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115787 · Cited by 3
Fisher, C. A., Grace, N., Tsang, E., Lewis, J. E., & Pieters, J. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06967-w · Cited by 3
Narducci, C., Donno, F., Milone, A., Placini, F., Glennon, J. C., Masi, G., Coghill, D., Zuddas, A., Carucci, S., & Balia, C. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.066 · Cited by 3
Parallel paths: A narrative review exploring autism and its co-occurring conditions
Hasan, H., Hagerman, R. J., Say, D. S., Nguyen, A. P., Babata, K., Oyegbile-Chidi, T. O., Herrera-Guerra, A., Torrents, C., Silver, C. E., & Restrepo, B. (2025) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.111641 · Cited by 3
Ni, S.-Y., Lu, C., Wu, C., Hsieh, M.-H., Chen, I., Lin, C., Lai, F., & Chien, Y. (2025) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2025.11.026 · Cited by 4
Elevated brain glutamine levels in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A 7T MRS study
Kubota, M., Yoshihara, Y., Uwatoko, T., Shoji, R., Near, J., Dehghani, M., Aoki, Y. Y., Urayama, S.-I., Okada, T., & Murai, T. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03440-z · Cited by 3
Liñares-de-Maarcos, J., Palomero-Sierra, B., Sánchez-Gómez, V., Fernández-Álvarez, C. J., & Canal‐Bedia, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1756323 · Cited by 6
Parent-Reported Indicators of Depression in Non- and Minimally Speaking Adults With Autism
Wilkinson, E. H., Pai, K., Hastings, R. P., Jahoda, A. J., & Bal, V. H. (2026) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19447515.2025.2578980 · Cited by 3
Zhang, L., 宋文坤, Gao, H., & Li, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1761833 · Cited by 3
French, B., Newell, V., Nalbant, G., Wright, H., Daley, D., & Cassidy, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1702822 · Cited by 4
Kerr‐Gaffney, J., Nimbley, E., Austin, A., Gillespie‐Smith, K., Sharpe, H., & Duffy, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1837078 · Cited by 3
Substance use, coping, and compensation in autism
Livingston, L. A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00205-4 · Cited by 3
A mixed-methods study of autistic adults’ healthcare independence over time
Gilmore, D., Radford, D., Coyne, A. C., Hanks, C. D., Coury, D. L., Hess, A., Garvin, J. H., & Hand, B. N. (2023) · Health Care Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.hctj.2023.100029 · Cited by 3
Navigating a system not built for us: autism and primary care talking therapies
Catchpole, J. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00335-8 · Cited by 3
Nieradka, F., & Kossewska, J. (2023) · International Journal of Special Education (IJSE) · doi:10.52291/ijse.2023.38.33 · Cited by 3
Quicker Exogenous Orienting and Slower Endogenous Orienting in Autistic People
Li, S., Machida, K., Burrows, E. L., & Johnson, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06311-8 · Cited by 3
Long, E. E., Carpenter, L. A., Klein, J., Bradley, C. C., & Ros‐Demarize, R. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01691-5 · Cited by 3
Sirrianni, J., Hanks, C. D., Rust, S., & Hart, L. C. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06314-5 · Cited by 3
The role of physical activity in animal-assisted interventions for autism: A systematic review
Sylvia, A.-M., Alhassan, S., & Potter, K. (2024) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241249880 · Cited by 3
Placebo immune-related adverse events (irAEs): A neglected phenomenon in cancer immunotherapy trials
Zhou, Y., Yu, H., Chen, C., Li, A., Zhang, X., Qiu, H., Du, W., Fu, S., Zhang, L., & Hong, S. (2024) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114203 · Cited by 3
Controversial issues of diagnosis and theoretical concepts of schizophrenia in childhood
Goryunov, А. V. (2024) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202412407117 · Cited by 3
The Association Between IQ and Its Components and Anxiety in Autistic Girls
Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F. (2024) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-024-00415-z · Cited by 3
McMorris, C. A., Turner, K., Johnston, K., Clark, C. A., Howe, S. J., McConnell, M., & McFee, K. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102463 · Cited by 4
Mazurek, M. O., Pappagianopoulos, J. E., Brunt, S., Menezes, M., Smith, J. V., & Howard, M. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06643-5 · Cited by 3
Related Disorders (Intellectual, Attention, and Language Disorders) and ASD
Dieckhaus, M. F. S., Thomas, R. P., Frisch, M., Moreno, M. P., Suh, J., & FEIN, D. A. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_4 · Cited by 4
Yang, H., Liu, Y., Huang, Z., & Deng, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1434116 · Cited by 3
Association between autistic features and empathy in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia
Ma, Z., Chang, Z.-H., Zhou, H., Wang, D., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-024-02867-y · Cited by 3
Stem cell therapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a real hope for the next decades
Villanueva, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1492415 · Cited by 3
Liu, G., Liu, Y., Chen, Z., Zhou, S., & Ma, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1521453 · Cited by 3
Riccioni, A., Pontillo, M., Gialloreti, L. E., Cicala, M., Vasta, M., Gatto, M., Arturi, L., Siracusano, M., Luzio, M. D., Vicari, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1536361 · Cited by 3
Beazley, P. I., Alexander, R., Taylor, J. L., Velani, B., Dewson, H., Shankar, R., Tromans, S. J., Odiyoor, M., Hassiotis, A., Roy, A., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.10324 · Cited by 3
Erarkadaş, M., Erarkadaş, K. Ö., & Şişmanlar, Ş. G. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06969-8 · Cited by 3
Brancati, G. E., Rosa, U. D., Magnesa, A., Cocciaro, I., Costagli, E., Iriti, A., Rimoldi, B., Vedovelli, M., Medda, P., Schiavi, E., et al. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02114-9 · Cited by 4
Greenburgh, A., Baldwin, H., Weir, H., Asif, Z., Laporte, D., Bertram, M., Crawford, A., Duberry, G., Lauter, S., Lloyd‐Evans, B., et al. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02984-3 · Cited by 7
Nastro, F. F., Pelle, M., Clemente, A., Corinto, F., Porta, D. P., Sonnino, Y., Gelormini, C., Lorenzo, G. D., & Ribolsi, M. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70099 · Cited by 3
Comparison of face attention bias in adults with ASD, ADHD, or comorbid ADHD+ASD
Plank, I. S., Nowak, J., Pior, A., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf112 · Cited by 3
Symptom change in depression and anxiety during psychological therapy for autistic adults
Pender, R., Baou, C. E., O’Nions, E., Spector, A. E., Buckman, J. E. J., Richards, M., Pilling, S., John, A., Stott, J. C. H., Saunders, R., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00567-4 · Cited by 3
Self-citationGardner, R. M., Samuelsson, I., Severance, E. G., Sjöqvist, H., Yolken, R. H., Dalman, C., & Karlsson, H. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2567 · Cited by 2
Long, M., & Register‐Brown, K. (2021) · Pediatrics in Review · doi:10.1542/pir.2020-000547 · Cited by 4
Psychotropic Medication Prescribing for Youth at a Regional Autism Center
Gannon, S., Razek, A. A. K. A., Keller, K., Rockhill, C., & Kim, S. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2021.0017 · Cited by 3
Wallace, D. M., & Hassrick, E. M. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-02-2022-0023 · Cited by 3
Developing Gene-Based Personalised Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Freitag, C. M., Persico, A. M., & Vorstman, J. A. S. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13061004 · Cited by 3
Comorbidades Psiquiátricas no Transtorno do Espectro Autista: Um Artigo de Revisão
Ronzani, L. D., Lin, J. H. X., Netto, B. B., da Costa, M. D. A., de Rezende, V. L., & Gonçalves, C. L. (2021) · Boletim do Curso de Medicina da UFSC · doi:10.32963/bcmufsc.v7i3.4827 · Cited by 11
L’anxiété chez les enfants et les adolescents – partie 2 : la prise en charge des troubles anxieux
Bobbitt, S. A., Kawamura, A. A., Saunders, N. R., Monga, S., Penner, M., & Andrews, D. (2023) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxac103 · Cited by 5
Dimitri, D., Delia, G., Arduino, M., Turco, N., & Fioretto, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2023.1052115 · Cited by 3
McKowen, J. W., Berger, A. F., Towbin, J., Yule, A. M., Woodward, D. W., Nowinski, L. A., Forchelli, G. A., Meyers, R. J., Joshi, G., & Wilens, T. E. (2023) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2023/8998160 · Cited by 3
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Kim, H. J., & Carol, E. E. (2023) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20230424-01 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Lai, M.-C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lai, Meng-Chuan
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2936336589
- Cited by
- 1,892
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 401 · 2025: 332 · 2024: 332 · 2023: 286 · 2022: 221 · 2021: 212 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 17.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, co-occurring mental health disorders, psychiatric comorbidity, prevalence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, sleep-wake disorders, depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, gender dysphoria, clinical versus community samples
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Mental Disorders, Humans, Comorbidity, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
