The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 155 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.
Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Co-occurring mental health or psychiatric conditions are common in autism, impairing quality of life. Reported prevalences of co-occurring mental health or psychiatric conditions in people with autism range widely. Improved prevalence estimates and identification of moderators are needed to enhance recognition and care, and to guide future research.Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature for publications between Jan 1, 1993, and Feb 1, 2019, in English or French, that reported original research using an observational design on the prevalence of co-occurring mental health conditions in people with autism and reported confirmed clinical diagnoses of the co-occurring conditions and autism using DSM or ICD criteria. For co-occurring mental health conditions reported with at least 15 datapoints (studies), we assessed risk of bias and we determined pooled estimates of prevalence for different co-occurring conditions in autism using random-effects models, and descriptively compared these with prevalence estimates for the general population from the literature (post hoc). We investigated heterogeneity in prevalence estimates using random-effects meta-regression models. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42018103176.Findings Of 9746 unique studies identified, 432 were selected for full-text review. 100 studies were eligible for inclusion in our qualitative synthesis, of which 96 were included in our meta-analyses. 11 categories of co-occurring conditions were investigated, of which eight conditions were included in the meta-analyses and three were descriptively synthesised (ie, trauma and stressor-related disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, and gender dysphoria). From our meta-analyses, we found overall pooled prevalence estimates of 28% (95% CI 25-32) for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; 20% (17-23) for anxiety disorders; 13% (9-17) for sleep-wake disorders; 12% (10-15) for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders; 11% (9-13) for depressive disorders; 9% (7-10) for obsessive-compulsive disorder; 5% (3-6) for bipolar disorders; and 4% (3-5) for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Estimates in clinical sample-based studies were higher than in population-based and registry-based studies, and these estimates were mostly higher than those in the general population (post hoc). Age, gender, intellectual functioning, and country of study were associated with heterogeneity in prevalence estimates, yet remaining heterogeneity not explained was still substantial (all I 2 >95%).Interpretation Co-occurring mental health conditions are more prevalent in the autism population than in the general population. Careful assessment of mental health is an essential component of care for all people on the autism spectrum and should be integrated into clinical practice.Funding Academic Scholars Awards, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; O'Brien Scholars Program, Slaight Family Child and Youth Mental Health Innovation Fund, and The Catherine and Maxwell Meighen Foundation via the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Autistic adults are at much higher risk for co-occurring mental health conditions than the general population (Croen et al., 2015;Lai et al., 2019;Rydzewska et al., 2018).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“By comparison, ADHD, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), intellectual disability, academic challenges, irritability and disruptive behaviours become more apparent in school-aged children 165”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [165]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis by Lai, Kassee, Besney et al (2019) of 83 studies produced the following estimated rates of co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism: ADHD 33%, anxiety disorders 23%, sleep-wake disorders 13%, depressive disorders 12%, obsessive-compulsive disorder 10%, disruptive/impulse-control/conduct disorders 10%, schizophrenia spectrum disorders 5%, and bipolar disorders 5%.”
From Annual Research Review: Looking back to look forward – changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research (2020) · cites this paper as Lai, Kassee, Besney et al (2019)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“estimates for ADHD in autistic adults have been reported as high as 28% (Lai et al., 2019).”
From Are prediction error modifications domain specific in autism but domain general in ADHD? (2025) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“autism and schizophrenia are often comorbid (76)”
From Predictive coding and neurocomputational psychiatry: a mechanistic framework for understanding mental disorders (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and depression are prevalent among autistic adolescents and may be difficult to accurately diagnose and treat given various factors (e.g., diagnostic overshadowing, heterogeneity).”
From The relationship between distress tolerance and behavioral activation on anxiety and depression symptomatology in autistic youth: Leveraging self and caregiver perspectives (2024) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Across studies, 15–50% of adults with ADHD exhibit autistic traits or meet ASD diagnostic thresholds, while 15–35% of adults with ASD also fulfill ADHD”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“have increased vulnerability to mental ill‐health (Lai et al., 2019), including high rates of suicide (Cassidy et al., 2014; Kirby et al., 2019).”
From Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science (2022) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2019
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Typically, larger sex/gender differences are reported in clinical studies, but infrequently the same patterns emerge in population-based studies78,82–84.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Individuals with autism spectrum disorder often present somatic and/or psychiatric co-morbid disorders.”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the new classification may also have contributed to the limitation of capturing the differences in prevalence observed between males and females for ASD and co-morbidities (7).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition, individuals with ASD are more likely to experience somatic co-morbidities such as epilepsy, gastro-intestinal (GI) disorders or sight/hearing impairments (7).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Our review also gathered evidence that co-morbidities are more frequently observed in ASD individuals compared to typically developed population, which is in accordance with the current literature (7).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental conditions with psychiatric and medical conditions is high74–79.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“In terms of health conditions, autistic females are more likely to have epilepsy and endocrine–reproductive problems79,125, depressive disorders78, and disordered eating and sleep126–128, whereas autistic males are more likely to exhibit hyperactivity in childhood124.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.30 · Cited by 6,903
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Multilevel analysis techniques and applications
Hox, J. J., Moerbeek, M., & van de Schoot, R. (2002) · Cited by 6,006
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · Cited by 1,859
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review
Hirota, T., & King, B. H. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661 · Cited by 957
The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism
Lord, C., Charman, T., Havdahl, A., Carbone, P., Anagnostou, E., Boyd, B., Carr, T., de Vries, P. J., Dissanayake, C., Divan, G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5 · Cited by 924
Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science
Pellicano, E., & den Houting, J. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13534 · Cited by 744
“, 2015) and have increased vulnerability to mental ill-health (Lai et al., 2019), including high rates of suicide (Cassidy et al.”
BackgroundWarrier, V., Greenberg, D. M., Weir, E., Buckingham, C., Smith, P., Lai, M.-C., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17794-1 · Cited by 595
Self-citationHossain, M. M., Khan, N., Sultana, A., Ma, P., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. U., & Purohit, N. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112922 · Cited by 504
Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13176 · Cited by 438
Understanding Stigma in Autism: A Narrative Review and Theoretical Model
Turnock, A., Langley, K., & Jones, C. R. G. (2022) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0005 · Cited by 490
Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults?
Hull, L., Levy, L., Lai, M.-C., Petrides, K. V., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., & Mandy, W. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1 · Cited by 337
Self-citationBougeard, C., Picarel-Blanchot, F., Schmid, R., Campbell, R., & Buitelaar, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744709 · Cited by 330
Rong, Y., Yang, C.-J., Jin, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101759 · Cited by 316
The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A three-level meta-analysis
Talantseva, O. I., Romanova, R. S., Shurdova, E. M., Dolgorukova, T. A., Sologub, P. S., Titova, O. S., Kleeva, D. F., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1071181 · Cited by 318
Narzisi, A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10040207 · Cited by 299
Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach
Perry, E., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Cage, E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w · Cited by 346
Self-citationSignalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Jiang, C.-C., Lin, L., Long, S., Ke, X., Fukunaga, K., Lu, Y., & Han, F. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01081-0 · Cited by 295
Lai, M.-C., Anagnostou, E., Wiznitzer, M., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30034-x · Cited by 250
Self-citationSex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions
Bölte, S., Neufeld, J., Marschik, P. B., Williams, Z. J., Gallagher, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6 · Cited by 249
Self-citationImmune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway
Tanaka, M., Tóth, F., Polyák, H., Szabó, Á., Mándi, Y., & Vécsei, L. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070734 · Cited by 259
Sex and gender impacts on the behavioural presentation and recognition of autism
Lai, M.-C., & Szatmari, P. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000575 · Cited by 237
Self-citationA capabilities approach to understanding and supporting autistic adulthood
Pellicano, E., Fatima, U., Hall, G., Heyworth, M., Lawson, W., Lilley, R., Mahony, J., & Stears, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00099-z · Cited by 237
Beck, J. S., Lundwall, R. A., Gabrielsen, T., Cox, J. C., & South, M. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320912147 · Cited by 224
Ameis, S. H., Lai, M., Mulsant, B. H., & Szatmári, P. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00365-y · Cited by 248
Self-citationKallitsounaki, A., & Williams, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05517-y · Cited by 235
Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder
Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Politi, P., & Aguglia, E. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01189-w · Cited by 219
Neurodivergence-informed therapy
Chapman, R., & Botha, M. (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15384 · Cited by 212
Sharma, E., Sharma, L. P., Balachander, S., Lin, B., Manohar, H., Khanna, P., Lu, C., Garg, K., Thomas, T. L., Au, A. C. L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703701 · Cited by 221
Micai, M., Fatta, L. M., Gila, L., Caruso, A., Salvitti, T., Fulceri, F., Ciaramella, A., D’Amico, R., Giovane, C. D., Bertelli, M. O., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105436 · Cited by 211
Fuentes, J., Amaia Hervas, G., Howlin, P., & Party), (. A. W. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01587-4 · Cited by 246
What Is Autistic Burnout? A Thematic Analysis of Posts on Two Online Platforms
Mantzalas, J., Richdale, A. L., Adikari, A., Lowe, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0021 · Cited by 211
Genetic contributions to autism spectrum disorder
Havdahl, A., Niarchou, M., Starnawska, A., Uddin, M., van der Merwe, C., & Warrier, V. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000192 · Cited by 211
Adams, D., & Young, K. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00226-7 · Cited by 179
Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature
Rapee, R. M., Creswell, C., Kendall, P. C., Pine, D. S., & Waters, A. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376 · Cited by 227
Williams, Z. J., He, J. L., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.030 · Cited by 175
Fetit, R., Hillary, R. F., Price, D. J., & Lawrie, S. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.014 · Cited by 148
Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review
Jutla, A., Foss‐Feig, J. H., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2659 · Cited by 166
Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Njarðvík, U., Wergeland, G. J., Riise, E. N., Hannesdottir, D. K., & Öst, L. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102571 · Cited by 155
A radical change in our autism research strategy is needed: Back to prototypes
Mottron, L. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2494 · Cited by 143
Suicidality in autistic youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis
O'Halloran, L., Coey, P., & Wilson, C. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102144 · Cited by 146
Prevalence of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, X., Sun, X., Sun, C., Zou, M., Chen, Y., Huang, J., Wu, L., & Chen, W.-X. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211045029 · Cited by 145
Dropping out and moving on: A qualitative study of autistic people’s experiences of university
Cage, E., & Howes, J. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320918750 · Cited by 164
Chapman, L., Rose, K., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069 · Cited by 171
Self-citationLawson, L. P., Richdale, A. L., Haschek, A., Flower, R. L., Vartuli, J., Arnold, S. R., & Trollor, J. N. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908107 · Cited by 138
Brede, J., Cage, E., Trott, J., Palmer, L., Smith, A., Serpell, L., Mandy, W., & Russell, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102131 · Cited by 139
Self-citationMutluer, T., Genç, H. A., Morey, A. Ö., Eser, H. Y., Ertinmaz, B., CAN, M., & Münir, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856208 · Cited by 162
Wang, Z., Ding, R., & Wang, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010086 · Cited by 145
Risk of Self-harm in Children and Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Blanchard, A. M., Chihuri, S. T., DiGuiseppi, C. G., & Li, G. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30272 · Cited by 138
Oakley, B. F., Tillmann, J., Ahmad, J., Crawley, D., San José Cáceres, A., Holt, R., Charman, T., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Simonoff, E., et al. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320959959 · Cited by 133
“This is despite the fact that ~20%–50% of autistic people experience associated symptoms of anxiety and/or depression (Hollocks et al., 2019; Lai et al., 2019; Simonoff et al., 2008).”
BackgroundUpdated Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism: 2018–2024
Brown, C. M., Newell, V., Sahin, E., & Hedley, D. (2024) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-024-00308-9 · Cited by 130
Corden, K., Brewer, R., & Cage, E. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00263-w · Cited by 137
Autistic adults’ views of their communication skills and needs
Cummins, C., Pellicano, E., & Crane, L. (2020) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12552 · Cited by 125
Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders
Lense, M., Ladányi, E., Rabinowitch, T.-C., Trainor, L. J., & Gordon, R. L. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0327 · Cited by 136
Pellicano, E., Brett, S., den Houting, J., Heyworth, M., Magiati, I., Steward, R., Urbanowicz, A., & Stears, M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211035936 · Cited by 113
Oliver, L. D., Moxon‐Emre, I., Lai, M., Grennan, L., Voineskos, A. N., & Ameis, S. H. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3908 · Cited by 115
Self-citationLee, V., Albaum, C. S., Modica, P. T., Ahmad, F., Gorter, J. W., Khanlou, N., McMorris, C. A., Lai, J., Harrison, C., Hedley, T., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2616 · Cited by 127
An overview on neurobiology and therapeutics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
da Silva, B. S., Grevet, E. H., Silva, L. C. F., Ramos, J. K. N., Rovaris, D. L., & Bau, C. H. D. (2023) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-022-00030-1 · Cited by 146
Newell, V., Phillips, L., Jones, C., Townsend, E., Richards, C., & Cassidy, S. (2023) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7 · Cited by 143
Music therapy for autistic people
Geretsegger, M., Fusar‐Poli, L., Elefant, C., Mössler, K. A., Vitale, G., & Gold, C. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004381.pub4 · Cited by 163
Strauss, P., Cook, A. G., Watson, V., Winter, S., Whitehouse, A., Albrecht, N. J., Toussaint, D. W., & Lin, A. P. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.005 · Cited by 114
Chen, S., Zhao, S., Dalman, C., Karlsson, H., & Gardner, R. M. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa212 · Cited by 117
Megerian, J. T., Dey, S., Melmed, R. D., Coury, D. L., Lerner, M., Nicholls, C. J., Sohl, K., Rouhbakhsh, R., Narasimhan, A., Romain, J. E., et al. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00598-6 · Cited by 119
Sharma, S., Hucker, A., Matthews, T., Grohmann, D., & Laws, K. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00658-8 · Cited by 109
ADHD in Children and Adults: Diagnosis and Prognosis
Leffa, D. T., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_329 · Cited by 127
Williams, Z. J., Suzman, E., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2021) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001005 · Cited by 120
Trastornos psiquiátricos en los niños y adolescentes en tiempo de la pandemia por COVID-19
Palacio-Ortíz, J. D., Londoño-Herrera, J. P., Márquez, A. N., Robledo-Rengifo, P., & Quintero-Cadavid, C. P. (2020) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2020.05.006 · Cited by 148
Adults with Autism: Changes in Understanding Since DSM-111
Howlin, P. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04847-z · Cited by 157
Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yu, Y., Ozonoff, S. J., & Miller, M. R. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231173089 · Cited by 141
Trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in autism from late childhood to adulthood
McCauley, J. B., Elias, R., & Lord, C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000826 · Cited by 105
Rivera, R. A., & Bennetto, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1243657 · Cited by 128
Cortese, S., Wang, F., Angriman, M., Masi, G., & Bruni, O. (2020) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00710-y · Cited by 101
Walsh, M. J. M., Wallace, G. L., Gallegos, S. M., & Braden, B. B. (2021) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102719 · Cited by 97
Autism severity and its relationship to disability
Waizbard‐Bartov, E., FEIN, D. A., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2898 · Cited by 119
Rodrigues, R., Lai, M., Beswick, A., Gorman, D. A., Anagnostou, E., Szatmari, P., Anderson, K. K., & Ameis, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13305 · Cited by 98
Self-citationLipinski, S., Bögl, K., Blanke, E. S., Suenkel, U., & Dziobek, I. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211057973 · Cited by 97
Cooper, K., Russell, A., Lei, J., & Smith, L. G. E. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221118351 · Cited by 127
Accardo, A. L., Neely, L. C., Pontes, N. M. H., & Pontes, M. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06479-z · Cited by 99
Educational Interventions for Children and Youth with Autism: A 40-Year Perspective
Odom, S. L., Hall, L. J., Morin, K. L., Kraemer, B., Hume, K., McIntyre, N. S., Nowell, S. W., Steinbrenner, J. R. D., Tomaszewski, B. R., Sam, A. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04990-1 · Cited by 105
Social identities and mental well-being in autistic adults
Maitland-Warne, C., Rhodes, S., O'Hare, A. E., & Stewart, M. E. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211004328 · Cited by 96
Cooper, K., Mandy, W., Butler, C., & Russell, A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211039113 · Cited by 105
Self-citation‘A way to be me’: Autobiographical reflections of autistic adults diagnosed in mid-to-late adulthood
Lilley, R., Lawson, W. B., Hall, G., Mahony, J., Clapham, H., Heyworth, M., Arnold, S. R. C., Trollor, J. N., Yudell, M., & Pellicano, E. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211050694 · Cited by 114
Pryke-Hobbes, A., Davies, J., Heasman, B., Livesey, A., Walker, A., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290001 · Cited by 95
‘When my autism broke’: A qualitative study spotlighting autistic voices on menopause
Moseley, R. L., Druce, T., & Turner‐Cobb, J. M. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319901184 · Cited by 91
Keating, C. T., Hickman, L., Geelhand, P., Takahashi, T., Leung, J., Schuster, B. A., Rybicki, A. J., Girolamo, T. M., Clin, É., Papastamou, F., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261774 · Cited by 93
Autistic identity: A systematic review of quantitative research
Davies, J., Cooper, K., Killick, E., Sam, E., Healy, M., Thompson, G. A., Mandy, W., Redmayne, B. J. M., & Crane, L. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3105 · Cited by 112
Self-citationThe Brain-Gut-Microbiome System: Pathways and Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Chernikova, M. A., Flores, G. D., Kilroy, E., Labus, J. S., Mayer, E. A., & Aziz‐Zadeh, L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124497 · Cited by 93
Sex Differences in Mental Health Problems and Psychiatric Hospitalization in Autistic Young Adults
Martini, M. I., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Butwicka, A., Rietz, E. D., D'Onofrio, B. M., Happe, F. G. E., Kanina, A., Larsson, H., Lundström, S., Martin, J., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3475 · Cited by 98
Restoy, D., Oriol-Escudé, M., Alonzo-Castillo, T., Magán‐Maganto, M., Canal‐Bedia, R., Villoria, E. D., Gisbert, L., Setién-Ramos, I., Martínez-Ramírez, M., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102410 · Cited by 114
Ameis, S. H., Blumberger, D. M., Croarkin, P. E., Mabbott, D., Lai, M., Desarkar, P., Szatmári, P., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.01.007 · Cited by 92
Self-citationCorden, K., Brewer, R., & Cage, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699335 · Cited by 123
Botha, M., Dibb, B., & Frost, D. M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221080248 · Cited by 99
Lai, M.-C., Lin, H.-Y., & Ameis, S. H. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000770 · Cited by 86
Self-citationCannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies
Fusar‐Poli, L., Cavone, V., Tinacci, S., Concas, I., Petralia, A., Signorelli, M. S., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., & Aguglia, E. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10090572 · Cited by 87
Measuring Depression in Autistic Adults: Psychometric Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II
Williams, Z. J., Everaert, J., & Gotham, K. O. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120952889 · Cited by 84
Mandy, W., Midouhas, E., Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Sacker, A., & Flouri, E. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13587 · Cited by 86
Self-citationDrug development for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Progress, challenges, and future directions
McCracken, J. T., Anagnostou, E. A., Arango, C., Dawson, G., Farchione, T. R., Mantua, V., McPartland, J. C., Murphy, D., Pandina, G., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.010 · Cited by 89
Mattheisen, M., Grove, J., Als, T. D., Martin, J., Voloudakis, G., Meier, S. M., Demontis, D., Bendl, J. M., Walters, R. K., Carey, C. E., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01171-3 · Cited by 80
Linden, A., Best, L., Elise, F., Roberts, D., Branagan, A., Tay, Y. B. E., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Davidson, B., Davidson, I., et al. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221117931 · Cited by 78
Self-citationTrajectories of emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to early adult life
Stringer, D., Kent, R., Briskman, J., Lukito, S., Charman, T., Baird, G., Lord, C., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908972 · Cited by 75
Pehlivanidis, A., Papanikolaou, Κ., Mantas, V., Kalantzi, E., Korobili, K., Xenaki, L., Vassiliou, G., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02828-1 · Cited by 80
Autism, Problematic Internet Use and Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review
Murray, A., Koronczai, B., Király, O., Griffiths, M. D., Mannion, A., Leader, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00243-0 · Cited by 78
Mental health challenges faced by autistic people
Lai, M. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01718-2 · Cited by 88
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lai, M.-C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lai, Meng-Chuan
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2936336589
- Cited by
- 1,892
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 401 · 2025: 332 · 2024: 332 · 2023: 286 · 2022: 221 · 2021: 212 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 17.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, co-occurring mental health disorders, psychiatric comorbidity, prevalence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, sleep-wake disorders, depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, gender dysphoria, clinical versus community samples
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Mental Disorders, Humans, Comorbidity, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
